ext4: re-enable extent zeroout optimization on encrypted files

[linux.git] / fs / ext4 / extents.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
 * Copyright (c) 2003-2006, Cluster File Systems, Inc, info@clusterfs.com
 * Written by Alex Tomas <alex@clusterfs.com>
 *
 * Architecture independence:
 *   Copyright (c) 2005, Bull S.A.
 *   Written by Pierre Peiffer <pierre.peiffer@bull.net>
 */

/*
 * Extents support for EXT4
 *
 * TODO:
 *   - ext4*_error() should be used in some situations
 *   - analyze all BUG()/BUG_ON(), use -EIO where appropriate
 *   - smart tree reduction
 */

#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/time.h>
#include <linux/jbd2.h>
#include <linux/highuid.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/quotaops.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/fiemap.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
#include "ext4_jbd2.h"
#include "ext4_extents.h"
#include "xattr.h"

#include <trace/events/ext4.h>

/*
 * used by extent splitting.
 */
#define EXT4_EXT_MAY_ZEROOUT    0x1  /* safe to zeroout if split fails \
                                        due to ENOSPC */
#define EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT1   0x2  /* mark first half unwritten */
#define EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT2   0x4  /* mark second half unwritten */

#define EXT4_EXT_DATA_VALID1    0x8  /* first half contains valid data */
#define EXT4_EXT_DATA_VALID2    0x10 /* second half contains valid data */

static __le32 ext4_extent_block_csum(struct inode *inode,
                                     struct ext4_extent_header *eh)
{
        struct ext4_inode_info *ei = EXT4_I(inode);
        struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb);
        __u32 csum;

        csum = ext4_chksum(sbi, ei->i_csum_seed, (__u8 *)eh,
                           EXT4_EXTENT_TAIL_OFFSET(eh));
        return cpu_to_le32(csum);
}

static int ext4_extent_block_csum_verify(struct inode *inode,
                                         struct ext4_extent_header *eh)
{
        struct ext4_extent_tail *et;

        if (!ext4_has_metadata_csum(inode->i_sb))
                return 1;

        et = find_ext4_extent_tail(eh);
        if (et->et_checksum != ext4_extent_block_csum(inode, eh))
                return 0;
        return 1;
}

static void ext4_extent_block_csum_set(struct inode *inode,
                                       struct ext4_extent_header *eh)
{
        struct ext4_extent_tail *et;

        if (!ext4_has_metadata_csum(inode->i_sb))
                return;

        et = find_ext4_extent_tail(eh);
        et->et_checksum = ext4_extent_block_csum(inode, eh);
}

static int ext4_split_extent(handle_t *handle,
                                struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_ext_path **ppath,
                                struct ext4_map_blocks *map,
                                int split_flag,
                                int flags);

static int ext4_split_extent_at(handle_t *handle,
                             struct inode *inode,
                             struct ext4_ext_path **ppath,
                             ext4_lblk_t split,
                             int split_flag,
                             int flags);

static int ext4_find_delayed_extent(struct inode *inode,
                                    struct extent_status *newes);

static int ext4_ext_trunc_restart_fn(struct inode *inode, int *dropped)
{
        /*
         * Drop i_data_sem to avoid deadlock with ext4_map_blocks.  At this
         * moment, get_block can be called only for blocks inside i_size since
         * page cache has been already dropped and writes are blocked by
         * i_mutex. So we can safely drop the i_data_sem here.
         */
        BUG_ON(EXT4_JOURNAL(inode) == NULL);
        ext4_discard_preallocations(inode);
        up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
        *dropped = 1;
        return 0;
}

/*
 * Make sure 'handle' has at least 'check_cred' credits. If not, restart
 * transaction with 'restart_cred' credits. The function drops i_data_sem
 * when restarting transaction and gets it after transaction is restarted.
 *
 * The function returns 0 on success, 1 if transaction had to be restarted,
 * and < 0 in case of fatal error.
 */
int ext4_datasem_ensure_credits(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                int check_cred, int restart_cred,
                                int revoke_cred)
{
        int ret;
        int dropped = 0;

        ret = ext4_journal_ensure_credits_fn(handle, check_cred, restart_cred,
                revoke_cred, ext4_ext_trunc_restart_fn(inode, &dropped));
        if (dropped)
                down_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
        return ret;
}

/*
 * could return:
 *  - EROFS
 *  - ENOMEM
 */
static int ext4_ext_get_access(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        if (path->p_bh) {
                /* path points to block */
                BUFFER_TRACE(path->p_bh, "get_write_access");
                return ext4_journal_get_write_access(handle, path->p_bh);
        }
        /* path points to leaf/index in inode body */
        /* we use in-core data, no need to protect them */
        return 0;
}

/*
 * could return:
 *  - EROFS
 *  - ENOMEM
 *  - EIO
 */
int __ext4_ext_dirty(const char *where, unsigned int line, handle_t *handle,
                     struct inode *inode, struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int err;

        WARN_ON(!rwsem_is_locked(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem));
        if (path->p_bh) {
                ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode, ext_block_hdr(path->p_bh));
                /* path points to block */
                err = __ext4_handle_dirty_metadata(where, line, handle,
                                                   inode, path->p_bh);
        } else {
                /* path points to leaf/index in inode body */
                err = ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
        }
        return err;
}

static ext4_fsblk_t ext4_ext_find_goal(struct inode *inode,
                              struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                              ext4_lblk_t block)
{
        if (path) {
                int depth = path->p_depth;
                struct ext4_extent *ex;

                /*
                 * Try to predict block placement assuming that we are
                 * filling in a file which will eventually be
                 * non-sparse --- i.e., in the case of libbfd writing
                 * an ELF object sections out-of-order but in a way
                 * the eventually results in a contiguous object or
                 * executable file, or some database extending a table
                 * space file.  However, this is actually somewhat
                 * non-ideal if we are writing a sparse file such as
                 * qemu or KVM writing a raw image file that is going
                 * to stay fairly sparse, since it will end up
                 * fragmenting the file system's free space.  Maybe we
                 * should have some hueristics or some way to allow
                 * userspace to pass a hint to file system,
                 * especially if the latter case turns out to be
                 * common.
                 */
                ex = path[depth].p_ext;
                if (ex) {
                        ext4_fsblk_t ext_pblk = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
                        ext4_lblk_t ext_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);

                        if (block > ext_block)
                                return ext_pblk + (block - ext_block);
                        else
                                return ext_pblk - (ext_block - block);
                }

                /* it looks like index is empty;
                 * try to find starting block from index itself */
                if (path[depth].p_bh)
                        return path[depth].p_bh->b_blocknr;
        }

        /* OK. use inode's group */
        return ext4_inode_to_goal_block(inode);
}

/*
 * Allocation for a meta data block
 */
static ext4_fsblk_t
ext4_ext_new_meta_block(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                        struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                        struct ext4_extent *ex, int *err, unsigned int flags)
{
        ext4_fsblk_t goal, newblock;

        goal = ext4_ext_find_goal(inode, path, le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block));
        newblock = ext4_new_meta_blocks(handle, inode, goal, flags,
                                        NULL, err);
        return newblock;
}

static inline int ext4_ext_space_block(struct inode *inode, int check)
{
        int size;

        size = (inode->i_sb->s_blocksize - sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header))
                        / sizeof(struct ext4_extent);
#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
        if (!check && size > 6)
                size = 6;
#endif
        return size;
}

static inline int ext4_ext_space_block_idx(struct inode *inode, int check)
{
        int size;

        size = (inode->i_sb->s_blocksize - sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header))
                        / sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx);
#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
        if (!check && size > 5)
                size = 5;
#endif
        return size;
}

static inline int ext4_ext_space_root(struct inode *inode, int check)
{
        int size;

        size = sizeof(EXT4_I(inode)->i_data);
        size -= sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header);
        size /= sizeof(struct ext4_extent);
#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
        if (!check && size > 3)
                size = 3;
#endif
        return size;
}

static inline int ext4_ext_space_root_idx(struct inode *inode, int check)
{
        int size;

        size = sizeof(EXT4_I(inode)->i_data);
        size -= sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header);
        size /= sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx);
#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
        if (!check && size > 4)
                size = 4;
#endif
        return size;
}

static inline int
ext4_force_split_extent_at(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                           struct ext4_ext_path **ppath, ext4_lblk_t lblk,
                           int nofail)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *path = *ppath;
        int unwritten = ext4_ext_is_unwritten(path[path->p_depth].p_ext);

        return ext4_split_extent_at(handle, inode, ppath, lblk, unwritten ?
                        EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT1|EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT2 : 0,
                        EXT4_EX_NOCACHE | EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO |
                        (nofail ? EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_METADATA_NOFAIL:0));
}

/*
 * Calculate the number of metadata blocks needed
 * to allocate @blocks
 * Worse case is one block per extent
 */
int ext4_ext_calc_metadata_amount(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t lblock)
{
        struct ext4_inode_info *ei = EXT4_I(inode);
        int idxs;

        idxs = ((inode->i_sb->s_blocksize - sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header))
                / sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx));

        /*
         * If the new delayed allocation block is contiguous with the
         * previous da block, it can share index blocks with the
         * previous block, so we only need to allocate a new index
         * block every idxs leaf blocks.  At ldxs**2 blocks, we need
         * an additional index block, and at ldxs**3 blocks, yet
         * another index blocks.
         */
        if (ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len &&
            ei->i_da_metadata_calc_last_lblock+1 == lblock) {
                int num = 0;

                if ((ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len % idxs) == 0)
                        num++;
                if ((ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len % (idxs*idxs)) == 0)
                        num++;
                if ((ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len % (idxs*idxs*idxs)) == 0) {
                        num++;
                        ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len = 0;
                } else
                        ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len++;
                ei->i_da_metadata_calc_last_lblock++;
                return num;
        }

        /*
         * In the worst case we need a new set of index blocks at
         * every level of the inode's extent tree.
         */
        ei->i_da_metadata_calc_len = 1;
        ei->i_da_metadata_calc_last_lblock = lblock;
        return ext_depth(inode) + 1;
}

static int
ext4_ext_max_entries(struct inode *inode, int depth)
{
        int max;

        if (depth == ext_depth(inode)) {
                if (depth == 0)
                        max = ext4_ext_space_root(inode, 1);
                else
                        max = ext4_ext_space_root_idx(inode, 1);
        } else {
                if (depth == 0)
                        max = ext4_ext_space_block(inode, 1);
                else
                        max = ext4_ext_space_block_idx(inode, 1);
        }

        return max;
}

static int ext4_valid_extent(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_extent *ext)
{
        ext4_fsblk_t block = ext4_ext_pblock(ext);
        int len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ext);
        ext4_lblk_t lblock = le32_to_cpu(ext->ee_block);

        /*
         * We allow neither:
         *  - zero length
         *  - overflow/wrap-around
         */
        if (lblock + len <= lblock)
                return 0;
        return ext4_data_block_valid(EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb), block, len);
}

static int ext4_valid_extent_idx(struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_extent_idx *ext_idx)
{
        ext4_fsblk_t block = ext4_idx_pblock(ext_idx);

        return ext4_data_block_valid(EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb), block, 1);
}

static int ext4_valid_extent_entries(struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_extent_header *eh,
                                int depth)
{
        unsigned short entries;
        if (eh->eh_entries == 0)
                return 1;

        entries = le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries);

        if (depth == 0) {
                /* leaf entries */
                struct ext4_extent *ext = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);
                struct ext4_super_block *es = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb)->s_es;
                ext4_fsblk_t pblock = 0;
                ext4_lblk_t lblock = 0;
                ext4_lblk_t prev = 0;
                int len = 0;
                while (entries) {
                        if (!ext4_valid_extent(inode, ext))
                                return 0;

                        /* Check for overlapping extents */
                        lblock = le32_to_cpu(ext->ee_block);
                        len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ext);
                        if ((lblock <= prev) && prev) {
                                pblock = ext4_ext_pblock(ext);
                                es->s_last_error_block = cpu_to_le64(pblock);
                                return 0;
                        }
                        ext++;
                        entries--;
                        prev = lblock + len - 1;
                }
        } else {
                struct ext4_extent_idx *ext_idx = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh);
                while (entries) {
                        if (!ext4_valid_extent_idx(inode, ext_idx))
                                return 0;
                        ext_idx++;
                        entries--;
                }
        }
        return 1;
}

static int __ext4_ext_check(const char *function, unsigned int line,
                            struct inode *inode, struct ext4_extent_header *eh,
                            int depth, ext4_fsblk_t pblk)
{
        const char *error_msg;
        int max = 0, err = -EFSCORRUPTED;

        if (unlikely(eh->eh_magic != EXT4_EXT_MAGIC)) {
                error_msg = "invalid magic";
                goto corrupted;
        }
        if (unlikely(le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_depth) != depth)) {
                error_msg = "unexpected eh_depth";
                goto corrupted;
        }
        if (unlikely(eh->eh_max == 0)) {
                error_msg = "invalid eh_max";
                goto corrupted;
        }
        max = ext4_ext_max_entries(inode, depth);
        if (unlikely(le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max) > max)) {
                error_msg = "too large eh_max";
                goto corrupted;
        }
        if (unlikely(le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries) > le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max))) {
                error_msg = "invalid eh_entries";
                goto corrupted;
        }
        if (!ext4_valid_extent_entries(inode, eh, depth)) {
                error_msg = "invalid extent entries";
                goto corrupted;
        }
        if (unlikely(depth > 32)) {
                error_msg = "too large eh_depth";
                goto corrupted;
        }
        /* Verify checksum on non-root extent tree nodes */
        if (ext_depth(inode) != depth &&
            !ext4_extent_block_csum_verify(inode, eh)) {
                error_msg = "extent tree corrupted";
                err = -EFSBADCRC;
                goto corrupted;
        }
        return 0;

corrupted:
        ext4_set_errno(inode->i_sb, -err);
        ext4_error_inode(inode, function, line, 0,
                         "pblk %llu bad header/extent: %s - magic %x, "
                         "entries %u, max %u(%u), depth %u(%u)",
                         (unsigned long long) pblk, error_msg,
                         le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_magic),
                         le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries), le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max),
                         max, le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_depth), depth);
        return err;
}

#define ext4_ext_check(inode, eh, depth, pblk)                  \
        __ext4_ext_check(__func__, __LINE__, (inode), (eh), (depth), (pblk))

int ext4_ext_check_inode(struct inode *inode)
{
        return ext4_ext_check(inode, ext_inode_hdr(inode), ext_depth(inode), 0);
}

static struct buffer_head *
__read_extent_tree_block(const char *function, unsigned int line,
                         struct inode *inode, ext4_fsblk_t pblk, int depth,
                         int flags)
{
        struct buffer_head              *bh;
        int                             err;

        bh = sb_getblk_gfp(inode->i_sb, pblk, __GFP_MOVABLE | GFP_NOFS);
        if (unlikely(!bh))
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

        if (!bh_uptodate_or_lock(bh)) {
                trace_ext4_ext_load_extent(inode, pblk, _RET_IP_);
                err = bh_submit_read(bh);
                if (err < 0)
                        goto errout;
        }
        if (buffer_verified(bh) && !(flags & EXT4_EX_FORCE_CACHE))
                return bh;
        if (!ext4_has_feature_journal(inode->i_sb) ||
            (inode->i_ino !=
             le32_to_cpu(EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb)->s_es->s_journal_inum))) {
                err = __ext4_ext_check(function, line, inode,
                                       ext_block_hdr(bh), depth, pblk);
                if (err)
                        goto errout;
        }
        set_buffer_verified(bh);
        /*
         * If this is a leaf block, cache all of its entries
         */
        if (!(flags & EXT4_EX_NOCACHE) && depth == 0) {
                struct ext4_extent_header *eh = ext_block_hdr(bh);
                struct ext4_extent *ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);
                ext4_lblk_t prev = 0;
                int i;

                for (i = le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries); i > 0; i--, ex++) {
                        unsigned int status = EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN;
                        ext4_lblk_t lblk = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                        int len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);

                        if (prev && (prev != lblk))
                                ext4_es_cache_extent(inode, prev,
                                                     lblk - prev, ~0,
                                                     EXTENT_STATUS_HOLE);

                        if (ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex))
                                status = EXTENT_STATUS_UNWRITTEN;
                        ext4_es_cache_extent(inode, lblk, len,
                                             ext4_ext_pblock(ex), status);
                        prev = lblk + len;
                }
        }
        return bh;
errout:
        put_bh(bh);
        return ERR_PTR(err);

}

#define read_extent_tree_block(inode, pblk, depth, flags)               \
        __read_extent_tree_block(__func__, __LINE__, (inode), (pblk),   \
                                 (depth), (flags))

/*
 * This function is called to cache a file's extent information in the
 * extent status tree
 */
int ext4_ext_precache(struct inode *inode)
{
        struct ext4_inode_info *ei = EXT4_I(inode);
        struct ext4_ext_path *path = NULL;
        struct buffer_head *bh;
        int i = 0, depth, ret = 0;

        if (!ext4_test_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EXTENTS))
                return 0;       /* not an extent-mapped inode */

        down_read(&ei->i_data_sem);
        depth = ext_depth(inode);

        path = kcalloc(depth + 1, sizeof(struct ext4_ext_path),
                       GFP_NOFS);
        if (path == NULL) {
                up_read(&ei->i_data_sem);
                return -ENOMEM;
        }

        /* Don't cache anything if there are no external extent blocks */
        if (depth == 0)
                goto out;
        path[0].p_hdr = ext_inode_hdr(inode);
        ret = ext4_ext_check(inode, path[0].p_hdr, depth, 0);
        if (ret)
                goto out;
        path[0].p_idx = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[0].p_hdr);
        while (i >= 0) {
                /*
                 * If this is a leaf block or we've reached the end of
                 * the index block, go up
                 */
                if ((i == depth) ||
                    path[i].p_idx > EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr)) {
                        brelse(path[i].p_bh);
                        path[i].p_bh = NULL;
                        i--;
                        continue;
                }
                bh = read_extent_tree_block(inode,
                                            ext4_idx_pblock(path[i].p_idx++),
                                            depth - i - 1,
                                            EXT4_EX_FORCE_CACHE);
                if (IS_ERR(bh)) {
                        ret = PTR_ERR(bh);
                        break;
                }
                i++;
                path[i].p_bh = bh;
                path[i].p_hdr = ext_block_hdr(bh);
                path[i].p_idx = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr);
        }
        ext4_set_inode_state(inode, EXT4_STATE_EXT_PRECACHED);
out:
        up_read(&ei->i_data_sem);
        ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
        kfree(path);
        return ret;
}

#ifdef EXT_DEBUG
static void ext4_ext_show_path(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int k, l = path->p_depth;

        ext_debug("path:");
        for (k = 0; k <= l; k++, path++) {
                if (path->p_idx) {
                  ext_debug("  %d->%llu", le32_to_cpu(path->p_idx->ei_block),
                            ext4_idx_pblock(path->p_idx));
                } else if (path->p_ext) {
                        ext_debug("  %d:[%d]%d:%llu ",
                                  le32_to_cpu(path->p_ext->ee_block),
                                  ext4_ext_is_unwritten(path->p_ext),
                                  ext4_ext_get_actual_len(path->p_ext),
                                  ext4_ext_pblock(path->p_ext));
                } else
                        ext_debug("  []");
        }
        ext_debug("\n");
}

static void ext4_ext_show_leaf(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int depth = ext_depth(inode);
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        int i;

        if (!path)
                return;

        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
        ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);

        ext_debug("Displaying leaf extents for inode %lu\n", inode->i_ino);

        for (i = 0; i < le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries); i++, ex++) {
                ext_debug("%d:[%d]%d:%llu ", le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block),
                          ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex),
                          ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex), ext4_ext_pblock(ex));
        }
        ext_debug("\n");
}

static void ext4_ext_show_move(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                        ext4_fsblk_t newblock, int level)
{
        int depth = ext_depth(inode);
        struct ext4_extent *ex;

        if (depth != level) {
                struct ext4_extent_idx *idx;
                idx = path[level].p_idx;
                while (idx <= EXT_MAX_INDEX(path[level].p_hdr)) {
                        ext_debug("%d: move %d:%llu in new index %llu\n", level,
                                        le32_to_cpu(idx->ei_block),
                                        ext4_idx_pblock(idx),
                                        newblock);
                        idx++;
                }

                return;
        }

        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        while (ex <= EXT_MAX_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr)) {
                ext_debug("move %d:%llu:[%d]%d in new leaf %llu\n",
                                le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block),
                                ext4_ext_pblock(ex),
                                ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex),
                                ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex),
                                newblock);
                ex++;
        }
}

#else
#define ext4_ext_show_path(inode, path)
#define ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path)
#define ext4_ext_show_move(inode, path, newblock, level)
#endif

void ext4_ext_drop_refs(struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int depth, i;

        if (!path)
                return;
        depth = path->p_depth;
        for (i = 0; i <= depth; i++, path++)
                if (path->p_bh) {
                        brelse(path->p_bh);
                        path->p_bh = NULL;
                }
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_binsearch_idx:
 * binary search for the closest index of the given block
 * the header must be checked before calling this
 */
static void
ext4_ext_binsearch_idx(struct inode *inode,
                        struct ext4_ext_path *path, ext4_lblk_t block)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh = path->p_hdr;
        struct ext4_extent_idx *r, *l, *m;


        ext_debug("binsearch for %u(idx):  ", block);

        l = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh) + 1;
        r = EXT_LAST_INDEX(eh);
        while (l <= r) {
                m = l + (r - l) / 2;
                if (block < le32_to_cpu(m->ei_block))
                        r = m - 1;
                else
                        l = m + 1;
                ext_debug("%p(%u):%p(%u):%p(%u) ", l, le32_to_cpu(l->ei_block),
                                m, le32_to_cpu(m->ei_block),
                                r, le32_to_cpu(r->ei_block));
        }

        path->p_idx = l - 1;
        ext_debug("  -> %u->%lld ", le32_to_cpu(path->p_idx->ei_block),
                  ext4_idx_pblock(path->p_idx));

#ifdef CHECK_BINSEARCH
        {
                struct ext4_extent_idx *chix, *ix;
                int k;

                chix = ix = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh);
                for (k = 0; k < le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries); k++, ix++) {
                  if (k != 0 &&
                      le32_to_cpu(ix->ei_block) <= le32_to_cpu(ix[-1].ei_block)) {
                                printk(KERN_DEBUG "k=%d, ix=0x%p, "
                                       "first=0x%p\n", k,
                                       ix, EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh));
                                printk(KERN_DEBUG "%u <= %u\n",
                                       le32_to_cpu(ix->ei_block),
                                       le32_to_cpu(ix[-1].ei_block));
                        }
                        BUG_ON(k && le32_to_cpu(ix->ei_block)
                                           <= le32_to_cpu(ix[-1].ei_block));
                        if (block < le32_to_cpu(ix->ei_block))
                                break;
                        chix = ix;
                }
                BUG_ON(chix != path->p_idx);
        }
#endif

}

/*
 * ext4_ext_binsearch:
 * binary search for closest extent of the given block
 * the header must be checked before calling this
 */
static void
ext4_ext_binsearch(struct inode *inode,
                struct ext4_ext_path *path, ext4_lblk_t block)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh = path->p_hdr;
        struct ext4_extent *r, *l, *m;

        if (eh->eh_entries == 0) {
                /*
                 * this leaf is empty:
                 * we get such a leaf in split/add case
                 */
                return;
        }

        ext_debug("binsearch for %u:  ", block);

        l = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh) + 1;
        r = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh);

        while (l <= r) {
                m = l + (r - l) / 2;
                if (block < le32_to_cpu(m->ee_block))
                        r = m - 1;
                else
                        l = m + 1;
                ext_debug("%p(%u):%p(%u):%p(%u) ", l, le32_to_cpu(l->ee_block),
                                m, le32_to_cpu(m->ee_block),
                                r, le32_to_cpu(r->ee_block));
        }

        path->p_ext = l - 1;
        ext_debug("  -> %d:%llu:[%d]%d ",
                        le32_to_cpu(path->p_ext->ee_block),
                        ext4_ext_pblock(path->p_ext),
                        ext4_ext_is_unwritten(path->p_ext),
                        ext4_ext_get_actual_len(path->p_ext));

#ifdef CHECK_BINSEARCH
        {
                struct ext4_extent *chex, *ex;
                int k;

                chex = ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);
                for (k = 0; k < le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries); k++, ex++) {
                        BUG_ON(k && le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)
                                          <= le32_to_cpu(ex[-1].ee_block));
                        if (block < le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block))
                                break;
                        chex = ex;
                }
                BUG_ON(chex != path->p_ext);
        }
#endif

}

int ext4_ext_tree_init(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;

        eh = ext_inode_hdr(inode);
        eh->eh_depth = 0;
        eh->eh_entries = 0;
        eh->eh_magic = EXT4_EXT_MAGIC;
        eh->eh_max = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_root(inode, 0));
        ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
        return 0;
}

struct ext4_ext_path *
ext4_find_extent(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t block,
                 struct ext4_ext_path **orig_path, int flags)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        struct buffer_head *bh;
        struct ext4_ext_path *path = orig_path ? *orig_path : NULL;
        short int depth, i, ppos = 0;
        int ret;

        eh = ext_inode_hdr(inode);
        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        if (depth < 0 || depth > EXT4_MAX_EXTENT_DEPTH) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "inode has invalid extent depth: %d",
                                 depth);
                ret = -EFSCORRUPTED;
                goto err;
        }

        if (path) {
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
                if (depth > path[0].p_maxdepth) {
                        kfree(path);
                        *orig_path = path = NULL;
                }
        }
        if (!path) {
                /* account possible depth increase */
                path = kcalloc(depth + 2, sizeof(struct ext4_ext_path),
                                GFP_NOFS);
                if (unlikely(!path))
                        return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
                path[0].p_maxdepth = depth + 1;
        }
        path[0].p_hdr = eh;
        path[0].p_bh = NULL;

        i = depth;
        /* walk through the tree */
        while (i) {
                ext_debug("depth %d: num %d, max %d\n",
                          ppos, le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries), le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max));

                ext4_ext_binsearch_idx(inode, path + ppos, block);
                path[ppos].p_block = ext4_idx_pblock(path[ppos].p_idx);
                path[ppos].p_depth = i;
                path[ppos].p_ext = NULL;

                bh = read_extent_tree_block(inode, path[ppos].p_block, --i,
                                            flags);
                if (IS_ERR(bh)) {
                        ret = PTR_ERR(bh);
                        goto err;
                }

                eh = ext_block_hdr(bh);
                ppos++;
                path[ppos].p_bh = bh;
                path[ppos].p_hdr = eh;
        }

        path[ppos].p_depth = i;
        path[ppos].p_ext = NULL;
        path[ppos].p_idx = NULL;

        /* find extent */
        ext4_ext_binsearch(inode, path + ppos, block);
        /* if not an empty leaf */
        if (path[ppos].p_ext)
                path[ppos].p_block = ext4_ext_pblock(path[ppos].p_ext);

        ext4_ext_show_path(inode, path);

        return path;

err:
        ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
        kfree(path);
        if (orig_path)
                *orig_path = NULL;
        return ERR_PTR(ret);
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_insert_index:
 * insert new index [@logical;@ptr] into the block at @curp;
 * check where to insert: before @curp or after @curp
 */
static int ext4_ext_insert_index(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                 struct ext4_ext_path *curp,
                                 int logical, ext4_fsblk_t ptr)
{
        struct ext4_extent_idx *ix;
        int len, err;

        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, curp);
        if (err)
                return err;

        if (unlikely(logical == le32_to_cpu(curp->p_idx->ei_block))) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                 "logical %d == ei_block %d!",
                                 logical, le32_to_cpu(curp->p_idx->ei_block));
                return -EFSCORRUPTED;
        }

        if (unlikely(le16_to_cpu(curp->p_hdr->eh_entries)
                             >= le16_to_cpu(curp->p_hdr->eh_max))) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                 "eh_entries %d >= eh_max %d!",
                                 le16_to_cpu(curp->p_hdr->eh_entries),
                                 le16_to_cpu(curp->p_hdr->eh_max));
                return -EFSCORRUPTED;
        }

        if (logical > le32_to_cpu(curp->p_idx->ei_block)) {
                /* insert after */
                ext_debug("insert new index %d after: %llu\n", logical, ptr);
                ix = curp->p_idx + 1;
        } else {
                /* insert before */
                ext_debug("insert new index %d before: %llu\n", logical, ptr);
                ix = curp->p_idx;
        }

        len = EXT_LAST_INDEX(curp->p_hdr) - ix + 1;
        BUG_ON(len < 0);
        if (len > 0) {
                ext_debug("insert new index %d: "
                                "move %d indices from 0x%p to 0x%p\n",
                                logical, len, ix, ix + 1);
                memmove(ix + 1, ix, len * sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx));
        }

        if (unlikely(ix > EXT_MAX_INDEX(curp->p_hdr))) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "ix > EXT_MAX_INDEX!");
                return -EFSCORRUPTED;
        }

        ix->ei_block = cpu_to_le32(logical);
        ext4_idx_store_pblock(ix, ptr);
        le16_add_cpu(&curp->p_hdr->eh_entries, 1);

        if (unlikely(ix > EXT_LAST_INDEX(curp->p_hdr))) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "ix > EXT_LAST_INDEX!");
                return -EFSCORRUPTED;
        }

        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, curp);
        ext4_std_error(inode->i_sb, err);

        return err;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_split:
 * inserts new subtree into the path, using free index entry
 * at depth @at:
 * - allocates all needed blocks (new leaf and all intermediate index blocks)
 * - makes decision where to split
 * - moves remaining extents and index entries (right to the split point)
 *   into the newly allocated blocks
 * - initializes subtree
 */
static int ext4_ext_split(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                          unsigned int flags,
                          struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                          struct ext4_extent *newext, int at)
{
        struct buffer_head *bh = NULL;
        int depth = ext_depth(inode);
        struct ext4_extent_header *neh;
        struct ext4_extent_idx *fidx;
        int i = at, k, m, a;
        ext4_fsblk_t newblock, oldblock;
        __le32 border;
        ext4_fsblk_t *ablocks = NULL; /* array of allocated blocks */
        int err = 0;
        size_t ext_size = 0;

        /* make decision: where to split? */
        /* FIXME: now decision is simplest: at current extent */

        /* if current leaf will be split, then we should use
         * border from split point */
        if (unlikely(path[depth].p_ext > EXT_MAX_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr))) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "p_ext > EXT_MAX_EXTENT!");
                return -EFSCORRUPTED;
        }
        if (path[depth].p_ext != EXT_MAX_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr)) {
                border = path[depth].p_ext[1].ee_block;
                ext_debug("leaf will be split."
                                " next leaf starts at %d\n",
                                  le32_to_cpu(border));
        } else {
                border = newext->ee_block;
                ext_debug("leaf will be added."
                                " next leaf starts at %d\n",
                                le32_to_cpu(border));
        }

        /*
         * If error occurs, then we break processing
         * and mark filesystem read-only. index won't
         * be inserted and tree will be in consistent
         * state. Next mount will repair buffers too.
         */

        /*
         * Get array to track all allocated blocks.
         * We need this to handle errors and free blocks
         * upon them.
         */
        ablocks = kcalloc(depth, sizeof(ext4_fsblk_t), GFP_NOFS);
        if (!ablocks)
                return -ENOMEM;

        /* allocate all needed blocks */
        ext_debug("allocate %d blocks for indexes/leaf\n", depth - at);
        for (a = 0; a < depth - at; a++) {
                newblock = ext4_ext_new_meta_block(handle, inode, path,
                                                   newext, &err, flags);
                if (newblock == 0)
                        goto cleanup;
                ablocks[a] = newblock;
        }

        /* initialize new leaf */
        newblock = ablocks[--a];
        if (unlikely(newblock == 0)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "newblock == 0!");
                err = -EFSCORRUPTED;
                goto cleanup;
        }
        bh = sb_getblk_gfp(inode->i_sb, newblock, __GFP_MOVABLE | GFP_NOFS);
        if (unlikely(!bh)) {
                err = -ENOMEM;
                goto cleanup;
        }
        lock_buffer(bh);

        err = ext4_journal_get_create_access(handle, bh);
        if (err)
                goto cleanup;

        neh = ext_block_hdr(bh);
        neh->eh_entries = 0;
        neh->eh_max = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_block(inode, 0));
        neh->eh_magic = EXT4_EXT_MAGIC;
        neh->eh_depth = 0;

        /* move remainder of path[depth] to the new leaf */
        if (unlikely(path[depth].p_hdr->eh_entries !=
                     path[depth].p_hdr->eh_max)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "eh_entries %d != eh_max %d!",
                                 path[depth].p_hdr->eh_entries,
                                 path[depth].p_hdr->eh_max);
                err = -EFSCORRUPTED;
                goto cleanup;
        }
        /* start copy from next extent */
        m = EXT_MAX_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr) - path[depth].p_ext++;
        ext4_ext_show_move(inode, path, newblock, depth);
        if (m) {
                struct ext4_extent *ex;
                ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(neh);
                memmove(ex, path[depth].p_ext, sizeof(struct ext4_extent) * m);
                le16_add_cpu(&neh->eh_entries, m);
        }

        /* zero out unused area in the extent block */
        ext_size = sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header) +
                sizeof(struct ext4_extent) * le16_to_cpu(neh->eh_entries);
        memset(bh->b_data + ext_size, 0, inode->i_sb->s_blocksize - ext_size);
        ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode, neh);
        set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
        unlock_buffer(bh);

        err = ext4_handle_dirty_metadata(handle, inode, bh);
        if (err)
                goto cleanup;
        brelse(bh);
        bh = NULL;

        /* correct old leaf */
        if (m) {
                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
                if (err)
                        goto cleanup;
                le16_add_cpu(&path[depth].p_hdr->eh_entries, -m);
                err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
                if (err)
                        goto cleanup;

        }

        /* create intermediate indexes */
        k = depth - at - 1;
        if (unlikely(k < 0)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "k %d < 0!", k);
                err = -EFSCORRUPTED;
                goto cleanup;
        }
        if (k)
                ext_debug("create %d intermediate indices\n", k);
        /* insert new index into current index block */
        /* current depth stored in i var */
        i = depth - 1;
        while (k--) {
                oldblock = newblock;
                newblock = ablocks[--a];
                bh = sb_getblk(inode->i_sb, newblock);
                if (unlikely(!bh)) {
                        err = -ENOMEM;
                        goto cleanup;
                }
                lock_buffer(bh);

                err = ext4_journal_get_create_access(handle, bh);
                if (err)
                        goto cleanup;

                neh = ext_block_hdr(bh);
                neh->eh_entries = cpu_to_le16(1);
                neh->eh_magic = EXT4_EXT_MAGIC;
                neh->eh_max = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_block_idx(inode, 0));
                neh->eh_depth = cpu_to_le16(depth - i);
                fidx = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(neh);
                fidx->ei_block = border;
                ext4_idx_store_pblock(fidx, oldblock);

                ext_debug("int.index at %d (block %llu): %u -> %llu\n",
                                i, newblock, le32_to_cpu(border), oldblock);

                /* move remainder of path[i] to the new index block */
                if (unlikely(EXT_MAX_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr) !=
                                        EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr))) {
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                         "EXT_MAX_INDEX != EXT_LAST_INDEX ee_block %d!",
                                         le32_to_cpu(path[i].p_ext->ee_block));
                        err = -EFSCORRUPTED;
                        goto cleanup;
                }
                /* start copy indexes */
                m = EXT_MAX_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr) - path[i].p_idx++;
                ext_debug("cur 0x%p, last 0x%p\n", path[i].p_idx,
                                EXT_MAX_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr));
                ext4_ext_show_move(inode, path, newblock, i);
                if (m) {
                        memmove(++fidx, path[i].p_idx,
                                sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx) * m);
                        le16_add_cpu(&neh->eh_entries, m);
                }
                /* zero out unused area in the extent block */
                ext_size = sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header) +
                   (sizeof(struct ext4_extent) * le16_to_cpu(neh->eh_entries));
                memset(bh->b_data + ext_size, 0,
                        inode->i_sb->s_blocksize - ext_size);
                ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode, neh);
                set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
                unlock_buffer(bh);

                err = ext4_handle_dirty_metadata(handle, inode, bh);
                if (err)
                        goto cleanup;
                brelse(bh);
                bh = NULL;

                /* correct old index */
                if (m) {
                        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + i);
                        if (err)
                                goto cleanup;
                        le16_add_cpu(&path[i].p_hdr->eh_entries, -m);
                        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + i);
                        if (err)
                                goto cleanup;
                }

                i--;
        }

        /* insert new index */
        err = ext4_ext_insert_index(handle, inode, path + at,
                                    le32_to_cpu(border), newblock);

cleanup:
        if (bh) {
                if (buffer_locked(bh))
                        unlock_buffer(bh);
                brelse(bh);
        }

        if (err) {
                /* free all allocated blocks in error case */
                for (i = 0; i < depth; i++) {
                        if (!ablocks[i])
                                continue;
                        ext4_free_blocks(handle, inode, NULL, ablocks[i], 1,
                                         EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_METADATA);
                }
        }
        kfree(ablocks);

        return err;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_grow_indepth:
 * implements tree growing procedure:
 * - allocates new block
 * - moves top-level data (index block or leaf) into the new block
 * - initializes new top-level, creating index that points to the
 *   just created block
 */
static int ext4_ext_grow_indepth(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                 unsigned int flags)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *neh;
        struct buffer_head *bh;
        ext4_fsblk_t newblock, goal = 0;
        struct ext4_super_block *es = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb)->s_es;
        int err = 0;
        size_t ext_size = 0;

        /* Try to prepend new index to old one */
        if (ext_depth(inode))
                goal = ext4_idx_pblock(EXT_FIRST_INDEX(ext_inode_hdr(inode)));
        if (goal > le32_to_cpu(es->s_first_data_block)) {
                flags |= EXT4_MB_HINT_TRY_GOAL;
                goal--;
        } else
                goal = ext4_inode_to_goal_block(inode);
        newblock = ext4_new_meta_blocks(handle, inode, goal, flags,
                                        NULL, &err);
        if (newblock == 0)
                return err;

        bh = sb_getblk_gfp(inode->i_sb, newblock, __GFP_MOVABLE | GFP_NOFS);
        if (unlikely(!bh))
                return -ENOMEM;
        lock_buffer(bh);

        err = ext4_journal_get_create_access(handle, bh);
        if (err) {
                unlock_buffer(bh);
                goto out;
        }

        ext_size = sizeof(EXT4_I(inode)->i_data);
        /* move top-level index/leaf into new block */
        memmove(bh->b_data, EXT4_I(inode)->i_data, ext_size);
        /* zero out unused area in the extent block */
        memset(bh->b_data + ext_size, 0, inode->i_sb->s_blocksize - ext_size);

        /* set size of new block */
        neh = ext_block_hdr(bh);
        /* old root could have indexes or leaves
         * so calculate e_max right way */
        if (ext_depth(inode))
                neh->eh_max = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_block_idx(inode, 0));
        else
                neh->eh_max = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_block(inode, 0));
        neh->eh_magic = EXT4_EXT_MAGIC;
        ext4_extent_block_csum_set(inode, neh);
        set_buffer_uptodate(bh);
        unlock_buffer(bh);

        err = ext4_handle_dirty_metadata(handle, inode, bh);
        if (err)
                goto out;

        /* Update top-level index: num,max,pointer */
        neh = ext_inode_hdr(inode);
        neh->eh_entries = cpu_to_le16(1);
        ext4_idx_store_pblock(EXT_FIRST_INDEX(neh), newblock);
        if (neh->eh_depth == 0) {
                /* Root extent block becomes index block */
                neh->eh_max = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_root_idx(inode, 0));
                EXT_FIRST_INDEX(neh)->ei_block =
                        EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(neh)->ee_block;
        }
        ext_debug("new root: num %d(%d), lblock %d, ptr %llu\n",
                  le16_to_cpu(neh->eh_entries), le16_to_cpu(neh->eh_max),
                  le32_to_cpu(EXT_FIRST_INDEX(neh)->ei_block),
                  ext4_idx_pblock(EXT_FIRST_INDEX(neh)));

        le16_add_cpu(&neh->eh_depth, 1);
        ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
out:
        brelse(bh);

        return err;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_create_new_leaf:
 * finds empty index and adds new leaf.
 * if no free index is found, then it requests in-depth growing.
 */
static int ext4_ext_create_new_leaf(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                    unsigned int mb_flags,
                                    unsigned int gb_flags,
                                    struct ext4_ext_path **ppath,
                                    struct ext4_extent *newext)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *path = *ppath;
        struct ext4_ext_path *curp;
        int depth, i, err = 0;

repeat:
        i = depth = ext_depth(inode);

        /* walk up to the tree and look for free index entry */
        curp = path + depth;
        while (i > 0 && !EXT_HAS_FREE_INDEX(curp)) {
                i--;
                curp--;
        }

        /* we use already allocated block for index block,
         * so subsequent data blocks should be contiguous */
        if (EXT_HAS_FREE_INDEX(curp)) {
                /* if we found index with free entry, then use that
                 * entry: create all needed subtree and add new leaf */
                err = ext4_ext_split(handle, inode, mb_flags, path, newext, i);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                /* refill path */
                path = ext4_find_extent(inode,
                                    (ext4_lblk_t)le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block),
                                    ppath, gb_flags);
                if (IS_ERR(path))
                        err = PTR_ERR(path);
        } else {
                /* tree is full, time to grow in depth */
                err = ext4_ext_grow_indepth(handle, inode, mb_flags);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                /* refill path */
                path = ext4_find_extent(inode,
                                   (ext4_lblk_t)le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block),
                                    ppath, gb_flags);
                if (IS_ERR(path)) {
                        err = PTR_ERR(path);
                        goto out;
                }

                /*
                 * only first (depth 0 -> 1) produces free space;
                 * in all other cases we have to split the grown tree
                 */
                depth = ext_depth(inode);
                if (path[depth].p_hdr->eh_entries == path[depth].p_hdr->eh_max) {
                        /* now we need to split */
                        goto repeat;
                }
        }

out:
        return err;
}

/*
 * search the closest allocated block to the left for *logical
 * and returns it at @logical + it's physical address at @phys
 * if *logical is the smallest allocated block, the function
 * returns 0 at @phys
 * return value contains 0 (success) or error code
 */
static int ext4_ext_search_left(struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                ext4_lblk_t *logical, ext4_fsblk_t *phys)
{
        struct ext4_extent_idx *ix;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        int depth, ee_len;

        if (unlikely(path == NULL)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "path == NULL *logical %d!", *logical);
                return -EFSCORRUPTED;
        }
        depth = path->p_depth;
        *phys = 0;

        if (depth == 0 && path->p_ext == NULL)
                return 0;

        /* usually extent in the path covers blocks smaller
         * then *logical, but it can be that extent is the
         * first one in the file */

        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        if (*logical < le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)) {
                if (unlikely(EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr) != ex)) {
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                         "EXT_FIRST_EXTENT != ex *logical %d ee_block %d!",
                                         *logical, le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block));
                        return -EFSCORRUPTED;
                }
                while (--depth >= 0) {
                        ix = path[depth].p_idx;
                        if (unlikely(ix != EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr))) {
                                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                  "ix (%d) != EXT_FIRST_INDEX (%d) (depth %d)!",
                                  ix != NULL ? le32_to_cpu(ix->ei_block) : 0,
                                  EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr) != NULL ?
                le32_to_cpu(EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr)->ei_block) : 0,
                                  depth);
                                return -EFSCORRUPTED;
                        }
                }
                return 0;
        }

        if (unlikely(*logical < (le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) + ee_len))) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                 "logical %d < ee_block %d + ee_len %d!",
                                 *logical, le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block), ee_len);
                return -EFSCORRUPTED;
        }

        *logical = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) + ee_len - 1;
        *phys = ext4_ext_pblock(ex) + ee_len - 1;
        return 0;
}

/*
 * search the closest allocated block to the right for *logical
 * and returns it at @logical + it's physical address at @phys
 * if *logical is the largest allocated block, the function
 * returns 0 at @phys
 * return value contains 0 (success) or error code
 */
static int ext4_ext_search_right(struct inode *inode,
                                 struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                 ext4_lblk_t *logical, ext4_fsblk_t *phys,
                                 struct ext4_extent **ret_ex)
{
        struct buffer_head *bh = NULL;
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        struct ext4_extent_idx *ix;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        ext4_fsblk_t block;
        int depth;      /* Note, NOT eh_depth; depth from top of tree */
        int ee_len;

        if (unlikely(path == NULL)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "path == NULL *logical %d!", *logical);
                return -EFSCORRUPTED;
        }
        depth = path->p_depth;
        *phys = 0;

        if (depth == 0 && path->p_ext == NULL)
                return 0;

        /* usually extent in the path covers blocks smaller
         * then *logical, but it can be that extent is the
         * first one in the file */

        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        if (*logical < le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)) {
                if (unlikely(EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr) != ex)) {
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                         "first_extent(path[%d].p_hdr) != ex",
                                         depth);
                        return -EFSCORRUPTED;
                }
                while (--depth >= 0) {
                        ix = path[depth].p_idx;
                        if (unlikely(ix != EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr))) {
                                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                                 "ix != EXT_FIRST_INDEX *logical %d!",
                                                 *logical);
                                return -EFSCORRUPTED;
                        }
                }
                goto found_extent;
        }

        if (unlikely(*logical < (le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) + ee_len))) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                 "logical %d < ee_block %d + ee_len %d!",
                                 *logical, le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block), ee_len);
                return -EFSCORRUPTED;
        }

        if (ex != EXT_LAST_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr)) {
                /* next allocated block in this leaf */
                ex++;
                goto found_extent;
        }

        /* go up and search for index to the right */
        while (--depth >= 0) {
                ix = path[depth].p_idx;
                if (ix != EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr))
                        goto got_index;
        }

        /* we've gone up to the root and found no index to the right */
        return 0;

got_index:
        /* we've found index to the right, let's
         * follow it and find the closest allocated
         * block to the right */
        ix++;
        block = ext4_idx_pblock(ix);
        while (++depth < path->p_depth) {
                /* subtract from p_depth to get proper eh_depth */
                bh = read_extent_tree_block(inode, block,
                                            path->p_depth - depth, 0);
                if (IS_ERR(bh))
                        return PTR_ERR(bh);
                eh = ext_block_hdr(bh);
                ix = EXT_FIRST_INDEX(eh);
                block = ext4_idx_pblock(ix);
                put_bh(bh);
        }

        bh = read_extent_tree_block(inode, block, path->p_depth - depth, 0);
        if (IS_ERR(bh))
                return PTR_ERR(bh);
        eh = ext_block_hdr(bh);
        ex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);
found_extent:
        *logical = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        *phys = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
        *ret_ex = ex;
        if (bh)
                put_bh(bh);
        return 0;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_next_allocated_block:
 * returns allocated block in subsequent extent or EXT_MAX_BLOCKS.
 * NOTE: it considers block number from index entry as
 * allocated block. Thus, index entries have to be consistent
 * with leaves.
 */
ext4_lblk_t
ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int depth;

        BUG_ON(path == NULL);
        depth = path->p_depth;

        if (depth == 0 && path->p_ext == NULL)
                return EXT_MAX_BLOCKS;

        while (depth >= 0) {
                if (depth == path->p_depth) {
                        /* leaf */
                        if (path[depth].p_ext &&
                                path[depth].p_ext !=
                                        EXT_LAST_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr))
                          return le32_to_cpu(path[depth].p_ext[1].ee_block);
                } else {
                        /* index */
                        if (path[depth].p_idx !=
                                        EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr))
                          return le32_to_cpu(path[depth].p_idx[1].ei_block);
                }
                depth--;
        }

        return EXT_MAX_BLOCKS;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_next_leaf_block:
 * returns first allocated block from next leaf or EXT_MAX_BLOCKS
 */
static ext4_lblk_t ext4_ext_next_leaf_block(struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int depth;

        BUG_ON(path == NULL);
        depth = path->p_depth;

        /* zero-tree has no leaf blocks at all */
        if (depth == 0)
                return EXT_MAX_BLOCKS;

        /* go to index block */
        depth--;

        while (depth >= 0) {
                if (path[depth].p_idx !=
                                EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr))
                        return (ext4_lblk_t)
                                le32_to_cpu(path[depth].p_idx[1].ei_block);
                depth--;
        }

        return EXT_MAX_BLOCKS;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_correct_indexes:
 * if leaf gets modified and modified extent is first in the leaf,
 * then we have to correct all indexes above.
 * TODO: do we need to correct tree in all cases?
 */
static int ext4_ext_correct_indexes(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        int depth = ext_depth(inode);
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        __le32 border;
        int k, err = 0;

        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;

        if (unlikely(ex == NULL || eh == NULL)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                 "ex %p == NULL or eh %p == NULL", ex, eh);
                return -EFSCORRUPTED;
        }

        if (depth == 0) {
                /* there is no tree at all */
                return 0;
        }

        if (ex != EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh)) {
                /* we correct tree if first leaf got modified only */
                return 0;
        }

        /*
         * TODO: we need correction if border is smaller than current one
         */
        k = depth - 1;
        border = path[depth].p_ext->ee_block;
        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + k);
        if (err)
                return err;
        path[k].p_idx->ei_block = border;
        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + k);
        if (err)
                return err;

        while (k--) {
                /* change all left-side indexes */
                if (path[k+1].p_idx != EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[k+1].p_hdr))
                        break;
                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + k);
                if (err)
                        break;
                path[k].p_idx->ei_block = border;
                err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + k);
                if (err)
                        break;
        }

        return err;
}

int
ext4_can_extents_be_merged(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_extent *ex1,
                                struct ext4_extent *ex2)
{
        unsigned short ext1_ee_len, ext2_ee_len;

        if (ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex1) != ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex2))
                return 0;

        ext1_ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1);
        ext2_ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2);

        if (le32_to_cpu(ex1->ee_block) + ext1_ee_len !=
                        le32_to_cpu(ex2->ee_block))
                return 0;

        /*
         * To allow future support for preallocated extents to be added
         * as an RO_COMPAT feature, refuse to merge to extents if
         * this can result in the top bit of ee_len being set.
         */
        if (ext1_ee_len + ext2_ee_len > EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN)
                return 0;

        if (ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex1) &&
            ext1_ee_len + ext2_ee_len > EXT_UNWRITTEN_MAX_LEN)
                return 0;
#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
        if (ext1_ee_len >= 4)
                return 0;
#endif

        if (ext4_ext_pblock(ex1) + ext1_ee_len == ext4_ext_pblock(ex2))
                return 1;
        return 0;
}

/*
 * This function tries to merge the "ex" extent to the next extent in the tree.
 * It always tries to merge towards right. If you want to merge towards
 * left, pass "ex - 1" as argument instead of "ex".
 * Returns 0 if the extents (ex and ex+1) were _not_ merged and returns
 * 1 if they got merged.
 */
static int ext4_ext_try_to_merge_right(struct inode *inode,
                                 struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                 struct ext4_extent *ex)
{
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        unsigned int depth, len;
        int merge_done = 0, unwritten;

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        BUG_ON(path[depth].p_hdr == NULL);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;

        while (ex < EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh)) {
                if (!ext4_can_extents_be_merged(inode, ex, ex + 1))
                        break;
                /* merge with next extent! */
                unwritten = ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex);
                ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex)
                                + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex + 1));
                if (unwritten)
                        ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex);

                if (ex + 1 < EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh)) {
                        len = (EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh) - ex - 1)
                                * sizeof(struct ext4_extent);
                        memmove(ex + 1, ex + 2, len);
                }
                le16_add_cpu(&eh->eh_entries, -1);
                merge_done = 1;
                WARN_ON(eh->eh_entries == 0);
                if (!eh->eh_entries)
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "eh->eh_entries = 0!");
        }

        return merge_done;
}

/*
 * This function does a very simple check to see if we can collapse
 * an extent tree with a single extent tree leaf block into the inode.
 */
static void ext4_ext_try_to_merge_up(handle_t *handle,
                                     struct inode *inode,
                                     struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        size_t s;
        unsigned max_root = ext4_ext_space_root(inode, 0);
        ext4_fsblk_t blk;

        if ((path[0].p_depth != 1) ||
            (le16_to_cpu(path[0].p_hdr->eh_entries) != 1) ||
            (le16_to_cpu(path[1].p_hdr->eh_entries) > max_root))
                return;

        /*
         * We need to modify the block allocation bitmap and the block
         * group descriptor to release the extent tree block.  If we
         * can't get the journal credits, give up.
         */
        if (ext4_journal_extend(handle, 2,
                        ext4_free_metadata_revoke_credits(inode->i_sb, 1)))
                return;

        /*
         * Copy the extent data up to the inode
         */
        blk = ext4_idx_pblock(path[0].p_idx);
        s = le16_to_cpu(path[1].p_hdr->eh_entries) *
                sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx);
        s += sizeof(struct ext4_extent_header);

        path[1].p_maxdepth = path[0].p_maxdepth;
        memcpy(path[0].p_hdr, path[1].p_hdr, s);
        path[0].p_depth = 0;
        path[0].p_ext = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(path[0].p_hdr) +
                (path[1].p_ext - EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(path[1].p_hdr));
        path[0].p_hdr->eh_max = cpu_to_le16(max_root);

        brelse(path[1].p_bh);
        ext4_free_blocks(handle, inode, NULL, blk, 1,
                         EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_METADATA | EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_FORGET);
}

/*
 * This function tries to merge the @ex extent to neighbours in the tree.
 * return 1 if merge left else 0.
 */
static void ext4_ext_try_to_merge(handle_t *handle,
                                  struct inode *inode,
                                  struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                  struct ext4_extent *ex) {
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        unsigned int depth;
        int merge_done = 0;

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        BUG_ON(path[depth].p_hdr == NULL);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;

        if (ex > EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh))
                merge_done = ext4_ext_try_to_merge_right(inode, path, ex - 1);

        if (!merge_done)
                (void) ext4_ext_try_to_merge_right(inode, path, ex);

        ext4_ext_try_to_merge_up(handle, inode, path);
}

/*
 * check if a portion of the "newext" extent overlaps with an
 * existing extent.
 *
 * If there is an overlap discovered, it updates the length of the newext
 * such that there will be no overlap, and then returns 1.
 * If there is no overlap found, it returns 0.
 */
static unsigned int ext4_ext_check_overlap(struct ext4_sb_info *sbi,
                                           struct inode *inode,
                                           struct ext4_extent *newext,
                                           struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        ext4_lblk_t b1, b2;
        unsigned int depth, len1;
        unsigned int ret = 0;

        b1 = le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block);
        len1 = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext);
        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        if (!path[depth].p_ext)
                goto out;
        b2 = EXT4_LBLK_CMASK(sbi, le32_to_cpu(path[depth].p_ext->ee_block));

        /*
         * get the next allocated block if the extent in the path
         * is before the requested block(s)
         */
        if (b2 < b1) {
                b2 = ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(path);
                if (b2 == EXT_MAX_BLOCKS)
                        goto out;
                b2 = EXT4_LBLK_CMASK(sbi, b2);
        }

        /* check for wrap through zero on extent logical start block*/
        if (b1 + len1 < b1) {
                len1 = EXT_MAX_BLOCKS - b1;
                newext->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(len1);
                ret = 1;
        }

        /* check for overlap */
        if (b1 + len1 > b2) {
                newext->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(b2 - b1);
                ret = 1;
        }
out:
        return ret;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_insert_extent:
 * tries to merge requsted extent into the existing extent or
 * inserts requested extent as new one into the tree,
 * creating new leaf in the no-space case.
 */
int ext4_ext_insert_extent(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                struct ext4_ext_path **ppath,
                                struct ext4_extent *newext, int gb_flags)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *path = *ppath;
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        struct ext4_extent *ex, *fex;
        struct ext4_extent *nearex; /* nearest extent */
        struct ext4_ext_path *npath = NULL;
        int depth, len, err;
        ext4_lblk_t next;
        int mb_flags = 0, unwritten;

        if (gb_flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_DELALLOC_RESERVE)
                mb_flags |= EXT4_MB_DELALLOC_RESERVED;
        if (unlikely(ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext) == 0)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext) == 0");
                return -EFSCORRUPTED;
        }
        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
        if (unlikely(path[depth].p_hdr == NULL)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "path[%d].p_hdr == NULL", depth);
                return -EFSCORRUPTED;
        }

        /* try to insert block into found extent and return */
        if (ex && !(gb_flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO)) {

                /*
                 * Try to see whether we should rather test the extent on
                 * right from ex, or from the left of ex. This is because
                 * ext4_find_extent() can return either extent on the
                 * left, or on the right from the searched position. This
                 * will make merging more effective.
                 */
                if (ex < EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh) &&
                    (le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) +
                    ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex) <
                    le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block))) {
                        ex += 1;
                        goto prepend;
                } else if ((ex > EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh)) &&
                           (le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block) +
                           ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext) <
                           le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)))
                        ex -= 1;

                /* Try to append newex to the ex */
                if (ext4_can_extents_be_merged(inode, ex, newext)) {
                        ext_debug("append [%d]%d block to %u:[%d]%d"
                                  "(from %llu)\n",
                                  ext4_ext_is_unwritten(newext),
                                  ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext),
                                  le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block),
                                  ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex),
                                  ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex),
                                  ext4_ext_pblock(ex));
                        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode,
                                                  path + depth);
                        if (err)
                                return err;
                        unwritten = ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex);
                        ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex)
                                        + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext));
                        if (unwritten)
                                ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex);
                        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
                        nearex = ex;
                        goto merge;
                }

prepend:
                /* Try to prepend newex to the ex */
                if (ext4_can_extents_be_merged(inode, newext, ex)) {
                        ext_debug("prepend %u[%d]%d block to %u:[%d]%d"
                                  "(from %llu)\n",
                                  le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block),
                                  ext4_ext_is_unwritten(newext),
                                  ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext),
                                  le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block),
                                  ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex),
                                  ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex),
                                  ext4_ext_pblock(ex));
                        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode,
                                                  path + depth);
                        if (err)
                                return err;

                        unwritten = ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex);
                        ex->ee_block = newext->ee_block;
                        ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, ext4_ext_pblock(newext));
                        ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex)
                                        + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext));
                        if (unwritten)
                                ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex);
                        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
                        nearex = ex;
                        goto merge;
                }
        }

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
        if (le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries) < le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max))
                goto has_space;

        /* probably next leaf has space for us? */
        fex = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh);
        next = EXT_MAX_BLOCKS;
        if (le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block) > le32_to_cpu(fex->ee_block))
                next = ext4_ext_next_leaf_block(path);
        if (next != EXT_MAX_BLOCKS) {
                ext_debug("next leaf block - %u\n", next);
                BUG_ON(npath != NULL);
                npath = ext4_find_extent(inode, next, NULL, 0);
                if (IS_ERR(npath))
                        return PTR_ERR(npath);
                BUG_ON(npath->p_depth != path->p_depth);
                eh = npath[depth].p_hdr;
                if (le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries) < le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max)) {
                        ext_debug("next leaf isn't full(%d)\n",
                                  le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries));
                        path = npath;
                        goto has_space;
                }
                ext_debug("next leaf has no free space(%d,%d)\n",
                          le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_entries), le16_to_cpu(eh->eh_max));
        }

        /*
         * There is no free space in the found leaf.
         * We're gonna add a new leaf in the tree.
         */
        if (gb_flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_METADATA_NOFAIL)
                mb_flags |= EXT4_MB_USE_RESERVED;
        err = ext4_ext_create_new_leaf(handle, inode, mb_flags, gb_flags,
                                       ppath, newext);
        if (err)
                goto cleanup;
        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;

has_space:
        nearex = path[depth].p_ext;

        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
        if (err)
                goto cleanup;

        if (!nearex) {
                /* there is no extent in this leaf, create first one */
                ext_debug("first extent in the leaf: %u:%llu:[%d]%d\n",
                                le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block),
                                ext4_ext_pblock(newext),
                                ext4_ext_is_unwritten(newext),
                                ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext));
                nearex = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh);
        } else {
                if (le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block)
                           > le32_to_cpu(nearex->ee_block)) {
                        /* Insert after */
                        ext_debug("insert %u:%llu:[%d]%d before: "
                                        "nearest %p\n",
                                        le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block),
                                        ext4_ext_pblock(newext),
                                        ext4_ext_is_unwritten(newext),
                                        ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext),
                                        nearex);
                        nearex++;
                } else {
                        /* Insert before */
                        BUG_ON(newext->ee_block == nearex->ee_block);
                        ext_debug("insert %u:%llu:[%d]%d after: "
                                        "nearest %p\n",
                                        le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block),
                                        ext4_ext_pblock(newext),
                                        ext4_ext_is_unwritten(newext),
                                        ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext),
                                        nearex);
                }
                len = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh) - nearex + 1;
                if (len > 0) {
                        ext_debug("insert %u:%llu:[%d]%d: "
                                        "move %d extents from 0x%p to 0x%p\n",
                                        le32_to_cpu(newext->ee_block),
                                        ext4_ext_pblock(newext),
                                        ext4_ext_is_unwritten(newext),
                                        ext4_ext_get_actual_len(newext),
                                        len, nearex, nearex + 1);
                        memmove(nearex + 1, nearex,
                                len * sizeof(struct ext4_extent));
                }
        }

        le16_add_cpu(&eh->eh_entries, 1);
        path[depth].p_ext = nearex;
        nearex->ee_block = newext->ee_block;
        ext4_ext_store_pblock(nearex, ext4_ext_pblock(newext));
        nearex->ee_len = newext->ee_len;

merge:
        /* try to merge extents */
        if (!(gb_flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO))
                ext4_ext_try_to_merge(handle, inode, path, nearex);


        /* time to correct all indexes above */
        err = ext4_ext_correct_indexes(handle, inode, path);
        if (err)
                goto cleanup;

        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + path->p_depth);

cleanup:
        ext4_ext_drop_refs(npath);
        kfree(npath);
        return err;
}

static int ext4_fill_fiemap_extents(struct inode *inode,
                                    ext4_lblk_t block, ext4_lblk_t num,
                                    struct fiemap_extent_info *fieinfo)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *path = NULL;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        struct extent_status es;
        ext4_lblk_t next, next_del, start = 0, end = 0;
        ext4_lblk_t last = block + num;
        int exists, depth = 0, err = 0;
        unsigned int flags = 0;
        unsigned char blksize_bits = inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;

        while (block < last && block != EXT_MAX_BLOCKS) {
                num = last - block;
                /* find extent for this block */
                down_read(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);

                path = ext4_find_extent(inode, block, &path, 0);
                if (IS_ERR(path)) {
                        up_read(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
                        err = PTR_ERR(path);
                        path = NULL;
                        break;
                }

                depth = ext_depth(inode);
                if (unlikely(path[depth].p_hdr == NULL)) {
                        up_read(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "path[%d].p_hdr == NULL", depth);
                        err = -EFSCORRUPTED;
                        break;
                }
                ex = path[depth].p_ext;
                next = ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(path);

                flags = 0;
                exists = 0;
                if (!ex) {
                        /* there is no extent yet, so try to allocate
                         * all requested space */
                        start = block;
                        end = block + num;
                } else if (le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) > block) {
                        /* need to allocate space before found extent */
                        start = block;
                        end = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                        if (block + num < end)
                                end = block + num;
                } else if (block >= le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)
                                        + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex)) {
                        /* need to allocate space after found extent */
                        start = block;
                        end = block + num;
                        if (end >= next)
                                end = next;
                } else if (block >= le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)) {
                        /*
                         * some part of requested space is covered
                         * by found extent
                         */
                        start = block;
                        end = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)
                                + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
                        if (block + num < end)
                                end = block + num;
                        exists = 1;
                } else {
                        BUG();
                }
                BUG_ON(end <= start);

                if (!exists) {
                        es.es_lblk = start;
                        es.es_len = end - start;
                        es.es_pblk = 0;
                } else {
                        es.es_lblk = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                        es.es_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
                        es.es_pblk = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
                        if (ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex))
                                flags |= FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNWRITTEN;
                }

                /*
                 * Find delayed extent and update es accordingly. We call
                 * it even in !exists case to find out whether es is the
                 * last existing extent or not.
                 */
                next_del = ext4_find_delayed_extent(inode, &es);
                if (!exists && next_del) {
                        exists = 1;
                        flags |= (FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC |
                                  FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNKNOWN);
                }
                up_read(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);

                if (unlikely(es.es_len == 0)) {
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "es.es_len == 0");
                        err = -EFSCORRUPTED;
                        break;
                }

                /*
                 * This is possible iff next == next_del == EXT_MAX_BLOCKS.
                 * we need to check next == EXT_MAX_BLOCKS because it is
                 * possible that an extent is with unwritten and delayed
                 * status due to when an extent is delayed allocated and
                 * is allocated by fallocate status tree will track both of
                 * them in a extent.
                 *
                 * So we could return a unwritten and delayed extent, and
                 * its block is equal to 'next'.
                 */
                if (next == next_del && next == EXT_MAX_BLOCKS) {
                        flags |= FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST;
                        if (unlikely(next_del != EXT_MAX_BLOCKS ||
                                     next != EXT_MAX_BLOCKS)) {
                                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                                 "next extent == %u, next "
                                                 "delalloc extent = %u",
                                                 next, next_del);
                                err = -EFSCORRUPTED;
                                break;
                        }
                }

                if (exists) {
                        err = fiemap_fill_next_extent(fieinfo,
                                (__u64)es.es_lblk << blksize_bits,
                                (__u64)es.es_pblk << blksize_bits,
                                (__u64)es.es_len << blksize_bits,
                                flags);
                        if (err < 0)
                                break;
                        if (err == 1) {
                                err = 0;
                                break;
                        }
                }

                block = es.es_lblk + es.es_len;
        }

        ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
        kfree(path);
        return err;
}

static int ext4_fill_es_cache_info(struct inode *inode,
                                   ext4_lblk_t block, ext4_lblk_t num,
                                   struct fiemap_extent_info *fieinfo)
{
        ext4_lblk_t next, end = block + num - 1;
        struct extent_status es;
        unsigned char blksize_bits = inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
        unsigned int flags;
        int err;

        while (block <= end) {
                next = 0;
                flags = 0;
                if (!ext4_es_lookup_extent(inode, block, &next, &es))
                        break;
                if (ext4_es_is_unwritten(&es))
                        flags |= FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNWRITTEN;
                if (ext4_es_is_delayed(&es))
                        flags |= (FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC |
                                  FIEMAP_EXTENT_UNKNOWN);
                if (ext4_es_is_hole(&es))
                        flags |= EXT4_FIEMAP_EXTENT_HOLE;
                if (next == 0)
                        flags |= FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST;
                if (flags & (FIEMAP_EXTENT_DELALLOC|
                             EXT4_FIEMAP_EXTENT_HOLE))
                        es.es_pblk = 0;
                else
                        es.es_pblk = ext4_es_pblock(&es);
                err = fiemap_fill_next_extent(fieinfo,
                                (__u64)es.es_lblk << blksize_bits,
                                (__u64)es.es_pblk << blksize_bits,
                                (__u64)es.es_len << blksize_bits,
                                flags);
                if (next == 0)
                        break;
                block = next;
                if (err < 0)
                        return err;
                if (err == 1)
                        return 0;
        }
        return 0;
}


/*
 * ext4_ext_determine_hole - determine hole around given block
 * @inode:      inode we lookup in
 * @path:       path in extent tree to @lblk
 * @lblk:       pointer to logical block around which we want to determine hole
 *
 * Determine hole length (and start if easily possible) around given logical
 * block. We don't try too hard to find the beginning of the hole but @path
 * actually points to extent before @lblk, we provide it.
 *
 * The function returns the length of a hole starting at @lblk. We update @lblk
 * to the beginning of the hole if we managed to find it.
 */
static ext4_lblk_t ext4_ext_determine_hole(struct inode *inode,
                                           struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                                           ext4_lblk_t *lblk)
{
        int depth = ext_depth(inode);
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        ext4_lblk_t len;

        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        if (ex == NULL) {
                /* there is no extent yet, so gap is [0;-] */
                *lblk = 0;
                len = EXT_MAX_BLOCKS;
        } else if (*lblk < le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)) {
                len = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) - *lblk;
        } else if (*lblk >= le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block)
                        + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex)) {
                ext4_lblk_t next;

                *lblk = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
                next = ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(path);
                BUG_ON(next == *lblk);
                len = next - *lblk;
        } else {
                BUG();
        }
        return len;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_put_gap_in_cache:
 * calculate boundaries of the gap that the requested block fits into
 * and cache this gap
 */
static void
ext4_ext_put_gap_in_cache(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t hole_start,
                          ext4_lblk_t hole_len)
{
        struct extent_status es;

        ext4_es_find_extent_range(inode, &ext4_es_is_delayed, hole_start,
                                  hole_start + hole_len - 1, &es);
        if (es.es_len) {
                /* There's delayed extent containing lblock? */
                if (es.es_lblk <= hole_start)
                        return;
                hole_len = min(es.es_lblk - hole_start, hole_len);
        }
        ext_debug(" -> %u:%u\n", hole_start, hole_len);
        ext4_es_insert_extent(inode, hole_start, hole_len, ~0,
                              EXTENT_STATUS_HOLE);
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_rm_idx:
 * removes index from the index block.
 */
static int ext4_ext_rm_idx(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                        struct ext4_ext_path *path, int depth)
{
        int err;
        ext4_fsblk_t leaf;

        /* free index block */
        depth--;
        path = path + depth;
        leaf = ext4_idx_pblock(path->p_idx);
        if (unlikely(path->p_hdr->eh_entries == 0)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "path->p_hdr->eh_entries == 0");
                return -EFSCORRUPTED;
        }
        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path);
        if (err)
                return err;

        if (path->p_idx != EXT_LAST_INDEX(path->p_hdr)) {
                int len = EXT_LAST_INDEX(path->p_hdr) - path->p_idx;
                len *= sizeof(struct ext4_extent_idx);
                memmove(path->p_idx, path->p_idx + 1, len);
        }

        le16_add_cpu(&path->p_hdr->eh_entries, -1);
        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path);
        if (err)
                return err;
        ext_debug("index is empty, remove it, free block %llu\n", leaf);
        trace_ext4_ext_rm_idx(inode, leaf);

        ext4_free_blocks(handle, inode, NULL, leaf, 1,
                         EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_METADATA | EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_FORGET);

        while (--depth >= 0) {
                if (path->p_idx != EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path->p_hdr))
                        break;
                path--;
                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path);
                if (err)
                        break;
                path->p_idx->ei_block = (path+1)->p_idx->ei_block;
                err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path);
                if (err)
                        break;
        }
        return err;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_calc_credits_for_single_extent:
 * This routine returns max. credits that needed to insert an extent
 * to the extent tree.
 * When pass the actual path, the caller should calculate credits
 * under i_data_sem.
 */
int ext4_ext_calc_credits_for_single_extent(struct inode *inode, int nrblocks,
                                                struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        if (path) {
                int depth = ext_depth(inode);
                int ret = 0;

                /* probably there is space in leaf? */
                if (le16_to_cpu(path[depth].p_hdr->eh_entries)
                                < le16_to_cpu(path[depth].p_hdr->eh_max)) {

                        /*
                         *  There are some space in the leaf tree, no
                         *  need to account for leaf block credit
                         *
                         *  bitmaps and block group descriptor blocks
                         *  and other metadata blocks still need to be
                         *  accounted.
                         */
                        /* 1 bitmap, 1 block group descriptor */
                        ret = 2 + EXT4_META_TRANS_BLOCKS(inode->i_sb);
                        return ret;
                }
        }

        return ext4_chunk_trans_blocks(inode, nrblocks);
}

/*
 * How many index/leaf blocks need to change/allocate to add @extents extents?
 *
 * If we add a single extent, then in the worse case, each tree level
 * index/leaf need to be changed in case of the tree split.
 *
 * If more extents are inserted, they could cause the whole tree split more
 * than once, but this is really rare.
 */
int ext4_ext_index_trans_blocks(struct inode *inode, int extents)
{
        int index;
        int depth;

        /* If we are converting the inline data, only one is needed here. */
        if (ext4_has_inline_data(inode))
                return 1;

        depth = ext_depth(inode);

        if (extents <= 1)
                index = depth * 2;
        else
                index = depth * 3;

        return index;
}

static inline int get_default_free_blocks_flags(struct inode *inode)
{
        if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode) || S_ISLNK(inode->i_mode) ||
            ext4_test_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EA_INODE))
                return EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_METADATA | EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_FORGET;
        else if (ext4_should_journal_data(inode))
                return EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_FORGET;
        return 0;
}

/*
 * ext4_rereserve_cluster - increment the reserved cluster count when
 *                          freeing a cluster with a pending reservation
 *
 * @inode - file containing the cluster
 * @lblk - logical block in cluster to be reserved
 *
 * Increments the reserved cluster count and adjusts quota in a bigalloc
 * file system when freeing a partial cluster containing at least one
 * delayed and unwritten block.  A partial cluster meeting that
 * requirement will have a pending reservation.  If so, the
 * RERESERVE_CLUSTER flag is used when calling ext4_free_blocks() to
 * defer reserved and allocated space accounting to a subsequent call
 * to this function.
 */
static void ext4_rereserve_cluster(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t lblk)
{
        struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb);
        struct ext4_inode_info *ei = EXT4_I(inode);

        dquot_reclaim_block(inode, EXT4_C2B(sbi, 1));

        spin_lock(&ei->i_block_reservation_lock);
        ei->i_reserved_data_blocks++;
        percpu_counter_add(&sbi->s_dirtyclusters_counter, 1);
        spin_unlock(&ei->i_block_reservation_lock);

        percpu_counter_add(&sbi->s_freeclusters_counter, 1);
        ext4_remove_pending(inode, lblk);
}

static int ext4_remove_blocks(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                              struct ext4_extent *ex,
                              struct partial_cluster *partial,
                              ext4_lblk_t from, ext4_lblk_t to)
{
        struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb);
        unsigned short ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        ext4_fsblk_t last_pblk, pblk;
        ext4_lblk_t num;
        int flags;

        /* only extent tail removal is allowed */
        if (from < le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) ||
            to != le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) + ee_len - 1) {
                ext4_error(sbi->s_sb,
                           "strange request: removal(2) %u-%u from %u:%u",
                           from, to, le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block), ee_len);
                return 0;
        }

#ifdef EXTENTS_STATS
        spin_lock(&sbi->s_ext_stats_lock);
        sbi->s_ext_blocks += ee_len;
        sbi->s_ext_extents++;
        if (ee_len < sbi->s_ext_min)
                sbi->s_ext_min = ee_len;
        if (ee_len > sbi->s_ext_max)
                sbi->s_ext_max = ee_len;
        if (ext_depth(inode) > sbi->s_depth_max)
                sbi->s_depth_max = ext_depth(inode);
        spin_unlock(&sbi->s_ext_stats_lock);
#endif

        trace_ext4_remove_blocks(inode, ex, from, to, partial);

        /*
         * if we have a partial cluster, and it's different from the
         * cluster of the last block in the extent, we free it
         */
        last_pblk = ext4_ext_pblock(ex) + ee_len - 1;

        if (partial->state != initial &&
            partial->pclu != EXT4_B2C(sbi, last_pblk)) {
                if (partial->state == tofree) {
                        flags = get_default_free_blocks_flags(inode);
                        if (ext4_is_pending(inode, partial->lblk))
                                flags |= EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_RERESERVE_CLUSTER;
                        ext4_free_blocks(handle, inode, NULL,
                                         EXT4_C2B(sbi, partial->pclu),
                                         sbi->s_cluster_ratio, flags);
                        if (flags & EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_RERESERVE_CLUSTER)
                                ext4_rereserve_cluster(inode, partial->lblk);
                }
                partial->state = initial;
        }

        num = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block) + ee_len - from;
        pblk = ext4_ext_pblock(ex) + ee_len - num;

        /*
         * We free the partial cluster at the end of the extent (if any),
         * unless the cluster is used by another extent (partial_cluster
         * state is nofree).  If a partial cluster exists here, it must be
         * shared with the last block in the extent.
         */
        flags = get_default_free_blocks_flags(inode);

        /* partial, left end cluster aligned, right end unaligned */
        if ((EXT4_LBLK_COFF(sbi, to) != sbi->s_cluster_ratio - 1) &&
            (EXT4_LBLK_CMASK(sbi, to) >= from) &&
            (partial->state != nofree)) {
                if (ext4_is_pending(inode, to))
                        flags |= EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_RERESERVE_CLUSTER;
                ext4_free_blocks(handle, inode, NULL,
                                 EXT4_PBLK_CMASK(sbi, last_pblk),
                                 sbi->s_cluster_ratio, flags);
                if (flags & EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_RERESERVE_CLUSTER)
                        ext4_rereserve_cluster(inode, to);
                partial->state = initial;
                flags = get_default_free_blocks_flags(inode);
        }

        flags |= EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_NOFREE_LAST_CLUSTER;

        /*
         * For bigalloc file systems, we never free a partial cluster
         * at the beginning of the extent.  Instead, we check to see if we
         * need to free it on a subsequent call to ext4_remove_blocks,
         * or at the end of ext4_ext_rm_leaf or ext4_ext_remove_space.
         */
        flags |= EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_NOFREE_FIRST_CLUSTER;
        ext4_free_blocks(handle, inode, NULL, pblk, num, flags);

        /* reset the partial cluster if we've freed past it */
        if (partial->state != initial && partial->pclu != EXT4_B2C(sbi, pblk))
                partial->state = initial;

        /*
         * If we've freed the entire extent but the beginning is not left
         * cluster aligned and is not marked as ineligible for freeing we
         * record the partial cluster at the beginning of the extent.  It
         * wasn't freed by the preceding ext4_free_blocks() call, and we
         * need to look farther to the left to determine if it's to be freed
         * (not shared with another extent). Else, reset the partial
         * cluster - we're either  done freeing or the beginning of the
         * extent is left cluster aligned.
         */
        if (EXT4_LBLK_COFF(sbi, from) && num == ee_len) {
                if (partial->state == initial) {
                        partial->pclu = EXT4_B2C(sbi, pblk);
                        partial->lblk = from;
                        partial->state = tofree;
                }
        } else {
                partial->state = initial;
        }

        return 0;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_rm_leaf() Removes the extents associated with the
 * blocks appearing between "start" and "end".  Both "start"
 * and "end" must appear in the same extent or EIO is returned.
 *
 * @handle: The journal handle
 * @inode:  The files inode
 * @path:   The path to the leaf
 * @partial_cluster: The cluster which we'll have to free if all extents
 *                   has been released from it.  However, if this value is
 *                   negative, it's a cluster just to the right of the
 *                   punched region and it must not be freed.
 * @start:  The first block to remove
 * @end:   The last block to remove
 */
static int
ext4_ext_rm_leaf(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                 struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                 struct partial_cluster *partial,
                 ext4_lblk_t start, ext4_lblk_t end)
{
        struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb);
        int err = 0, correct_index = 0;
        int depth = ext_depth(inode), credits, revoke_credits;
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        ext4_lblk_t a, b;
        unsigned num;
        ext4_lblk_t ex_ee_block;
        unsigned short ex_ee_len;
        unsigned unwritten = 0;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        ext4_fsblk_t pblk;

        /* the header must be checked already in ext4_ext_remove_space() */
        ext_debug("truncate since %u in leaf to %u\n", start, end);
        if (!path[depth].p_hdr)
                path[depth].p_hdr = ext_block_hdr(path[depth].p_bh);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
        if (unlikely(path[depth].p_hdr == NULL)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "path[%d].p_hdr == NULL", depth);
                return -EFSCORRUPTED;
        }
        /* find where to start removing */
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        if (!ex)
                ex = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh);

        ex_ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        ex_ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);

        trace_ext4_ext_rm_leaf(inode, start, ex, partial);

        while (ex >= EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh) &&
                        ex_ee_block + ex_ee_len > start) {

                if (ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex))
                        unwritten = 1;
                else
                        unwritten = 0;

                ext_debug("remove ext %u:[%d]%d\n", ex_ee_block,
                          unwritten, ex_ee_len);
                path[depth].p_ext = ex;

                a = ex_ee_block > start ? ex_ee_block : start;
                b = ex_ee_block+ex_ee_len - 1 < end ?
                        ex_ee_block+ex_ee_len - 1 : end;

                ext_debug("  border %u:%u\n", a, b);

                /* If this extent is beyond the end of the hole, skip it */
                if (end < ex_ee_block) {
                        /*
                         * We're going to skip this extent and move to another,
                         * so note that its first cluster is in use to avoid
                         * freeing it when removing blocks.  Eventually, the
                         * right edge of the truncated/punched region will
                         * be just to the left.
                         */
                        if (sbi->s_cluster_ratio > 1) {
                                pblk = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
                                partial->pclu = EXT4_B2C(sbi, pblk);
                                partial->state = nofree;
                        }
                        ex--;
                        ex_ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                        ex_ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
                        continue;
                } else if (b != ex_ee_block + ex_ee_len - 1) {
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                         "can not handle truncate %u:%u "
                                         "on extent %u:%u",
                                         start, end, ex_ee_block,
                                         ex_ee_block + ex_ee_len - 1);
                        err = -EFSCORRUPTED;
                        goto out;
                } else if (a != ex_ee_block) {
                        /* remove tail of the extent */
                        num = a - ex_ee_block;
                } else {
                        /* remove whole extent: excellent! */
                        num = 0;
                }
                /*
                 * 3 for leaf, sb, and inode plus 2 (bmap and group
                 * descriptor) for each block group; assume two block
                 * groups plus ex_ee_len/blocks_per_block_group for
                 * the worst case
                 */
                credits = 7 + 2*(ex_ee_len/EXT4_BLOCKS_PER_GROUP(inode->i_sb));
                if (ex == EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh)) {
                        correct_index = 1;
                        credits += (ext_depth(inode)) + 1;
                }
                credits += EXT4_MAXQUOTAS_TRANS_BLOCKS(inode->i_sb);
                /*
                 * We may end up freeing some index blocks and data from the
                 * punched range. Note that partial clusters are accounted for
                 * by ext4_free_data_revoke_credits().
                 */
                revoke_credits =
                        ext4_free_metadata_revoke_credits(inode->i_sb,
                                                          ext_depth(inode)) +
                        ext4_free_data_revoke_credits(inode, b - a + 1);

                err = ext4_datasem_ensure_credits(handle, inode, credits,
                                                  credits, revoke_credits);
                if (err) {
                        if (err > 0)
                                err = -EAGAIN;
                        goto out;
                }

                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                err = ext4_remove_blocks(handle, inode, ex, partial, a, b);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                if (num == 0)
                        /* this extent is removed; mark slot entirely unused */
                        ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, 0);

                ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(num);
                /*
                 * Do not mark unwritten if all the blocks in the
                 * extent have been removed.
                 */
                if (unwritten && num)
                        ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex);
                /*
                 * If the extent was completely released,
                 * we need to remove it from the leaf
                 */
                if (num == 0) {
                        if (end != EXT_MAX_BLOCKS - 1) {
                                /*
                                 * For hole punching, we need to scoot all the
                                 * extents up when an extent is removed so that
                                 * we dont have blank extents in the middle
                                 */
                                memmove(ex, ex+1, (EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh) - ex) *
                                        sizeof(struct ext4_extent));

                                /* Now get rid of the one at the end */
                                memset(EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh), 0,
                                        sizeof(struct ext4_extent));
                        }
                        le16_add_cpu(&eh->eh_entries, -1);
                }

                err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                ext_debug("new extent: %u:%u:%llu\n", ex_ee_block, num,
                                ext4_ext_pblock(ex));
                ex--;
                ex_ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                ex_ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        }

        if (correct_index && eh->eh_entries)
                err = ext4_ext_correct_indexes(handle, inode, path);

        /*
         * If there's a partial cluster and at least one extent remains in
         * the leaf, free the partial cluster if it isn't shared with the
         * current extent.  If it is shared with the current extent
         * we reset the partial cluster because we've reached the start of the
         * truncated/punched region and we're done removing blocks.
         */
        if (partial->state == tofree && ex >= EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh)) {
                pblk = ext4_ext_pblock(ex) + ex_ee_len - 1;
                if (partial->pclu != EXT4_B2C(sbi, pblk)) {
                        int flags = get_default_free_blocks_flags(inode);

                        if (ext4_is_pending(inode, partial->lblk))
                                flags |= EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_RERESERVE_CLUSTER;
                        ext4_free_blocks(handle, inode, NULL,
                                         EXT4_C2B(sbi, partial->pclu),
                                         sbi->s_cluster_ratio, flags);
                        if (flags & EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_RERESERVE_CLUSTER)
                                ext4_rereserve_cluster(inode, partial->lblk);
                }
                partial->state = initial;
        }

        /* if this leaf is free, then we should
         * remove it from index block above */
        if (err == 0 && eh->eh_entries == 0 && path[depth].p_bh != NULL)
                err = ext4_ext_rm_idx(handle, inode, path, depth);

out:
        return err;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_more_to_rm:
 * returns 1 if current index has to be freed (even partial)
 */
static int
ext4_ext_more_to_rm(struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        BUG_ON(path->p_idx == NULL);

        if (path->p_idx < EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path->p_hdr))
                return 0;

        /*
         * if truncate on deeper level happened, it wasn't partial,
         * so we have to consider current index for truncation
         */
        if (le16_to_cpu(path->p_hdr->eh_entries) == path->p_block)
                return 0;
        return 1;
}

int ext4_ext_remove_space(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t start,
                          ext4_lblk_t end)
{
        struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb);
        int depth = ext_depth(inode);
        struct ext4_ext_path *path = NULL;
        struct partial_cluster partial;
        handle_t *handle;
        int i = 0, err = 0;

        partial.pclu = 0;
        partial.lblk = 0;
        partial.state = initial;

        ext_debug("truncate since %u to %u\n", start, end);

        /* probably first extent we're gonna free will be last in block */
        handle = ext4_journal_start_with_revoke(inode, EXT4_HT_TRUNCATE,
                        depth + 1,
                        ext4_free_metadata_revoke_credits(inode->i_sb, depth));
        if (IS_ERR(handle))
                return PTR_ERR(handle);

again:
        trace_ext4_ext_remove_space(inode, start, end, depth);

        /*
         * Check if we are removing extents inside the extent tree. If that
         * is the case, we are going to punch a hole inside the extent tree
         * so we have to check whether we need to split the extent covering
         * the last block to remove so we can easily remove the part of it
         * in ext4_ext_rm_leaf().
         */
        if (end < EXT_MAX_BLOCKS - 1) {
                struct ext4_extent *ex;
                ext4_lblk_t ee_block, ex_end, lblk;
                ext4_fsblk_t pblk;

                /* find extent for or closest extent to this block */
                path = ext4_find_extent(inode, end, NULL, EXT4_EX_NOCACHE);
                if (IS_ERR(path)) {
                        ext4_journal_stop(handle);
                        return PTR_ERR(path);
                }
                depth = ext_depth(inode);
                /* Leaf not may not exist only if inode has no blocks at all */
                ex = path[depth].p_ext;
                if (!ex) {
                        if (depth) {
                                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                                                 "path[%d].p_hdr == NULL",
                                                 depth);
                                err = -EFSCORRUPTED;
                        }
                        goto out;
                }

                ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                ex_end = ee_block + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex) - 1;

                /*
                 * See if the last block is inside the extent, if so split
                 * the extent at 'end' block so we can easily remove the
                 * tail of the first part of the split extent in
                 * ext4_ext_rm_leaf().
                 */
                if (end >= ee_block && end < ex_end) {

                        /*
                         * If we're going to split the extent, note that
                         * the cluster containing the block after 'end' is
                         * in use to avoid freeing it when removing blocks.
                         */
                        if (sbi->s_cluster_ratio > 1) {
                                pblk = ext4_ext_pblock(ex) + end - ee_block + 2;
                                partial.pclu = EXT4_B2C(sbi, pblk);
                                partial.state = nofree;
                        }

                        /*
                         * Split the extent in two so that 'end' is the last
                         * block in the first new extent. Also we should not
                         * fail removing space due to ENOSPC so try to use
                         * reserved block if that happens.
                         */
                        err = ext4_force_split_extent_at(handle, inode, &path,
                                                         end + 1, 1);
                        if (err < 0)
                                goto out;

                } else if (sbi->s_cluster_ratio > 1 && end >= ex_end &&
                           partial.state == initial) {
                        /*
                         * If we're punching, there's an extent to the right.
                         * If the partial cluster hasn't been set, set it to
                         * that extent's first cluster and its state to nofree
                         * so it won't be freed should it contain blocks to be
                         * removed. If it's already set (tofree/nofree), we're
                         * retrying and keep the original partial cluster info
                         * so a cluster marked tofree as a result of earlier
                         * extent removal is not lost.
                         */
                        lblk = ex_end + 1;
                        err = ext4_ext_search_right(inode, path, &lblk, &pblk,
                                                    &ex);
                        if (err)
                                goto out;
                        if (pblk) {
                                partial.pclu = EXT4_B2C(sbi, pblk);
                                partial.state = nofree;
                        }
                }
        }
        /*
         * We start scanning from right side, freeing all the blocks
         * after i_size and walking into the tree depth-wise.
         */
        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        if (path) {
                int k = i = depth;
                while (--k > 0)
                        path[k].p_block =
                                le16_to_cpu(path[k].p_hdr->eh_entries)+1;
        } else {
                path = kcalloc(depth + 1, sizeof(struct ext4_ext_path),
                               GFP_NOFS);
                if (path == NULL) {
                        ext4_journal_stop(handle);
                        return -ENOMEM;
                }
                path[0].p_maxdepth = path[0].p_depth = depth;
                path[0].p_hdr = ext_inode_hdr(inode);
                i = 0;

                if (ext4_ext_check(inode, path[0].p_hdr, depth, 0)) {
                        err = -EFSCORRUPTED;
                        goto out;
                }
        }
        err = 0;

        while (i >= 0 && err == 0) {
                if (i == depth) {
                        /* this is leaf block */
                        err = ext4_ext_rm_leaf(handle, inode, path,
                                               &partial, start, end);
                        /* root level has p_bh == NULL, brelse() eats this */
                        brelse(path[i].p_bh);
                        path[i].p_bh = NULL;
                        i--;
                        continue;
                }

                /* this is index block */
                if (!path[i].p_hdr) {
                        ext_debug("initialize header\n");
                        path[i].p_hdr = ext_block_hdr(path[i].p_bh);
                }

                if (!path[i].p_idx) {
                        /* this level hasn't been touched yet */
                        path[i].p_idx = EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr);
                        path[i].p_block = le16_to_cpu(path[i].p_hdr->eh_entries)+1;
                        ext_debug("init index ptr: hdr 0x%p, num %d\n",
                                  path[i].p_hdr,
                                  le16_to_cpu(path[i].p_hdr->eh_entries));
                } else {
                        /* we were already here, see at next index */
                        path[i].p_idx--;
                }

                ext_debug("level %d - index, first 0x%p, cur 0x%p\n",
                                i, EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr),
                                path[i].p_idx);
                if (ext4_ext_more_to_rm(path + i)) {
                        struct buffer_head *bh;
                        /* go to the next level */
                        ext_debug("move to level %d (block %llu)\n",
                                  i + 1, ext4_idx_pblock(path[i].p_idx));
                        memset(path + i + 1, 0, sizeof(*path));
                        bh = read_extent_tree_block(inode,
                                ext4_idx_pblock(path[i].p_idx), depth - i - 1,
                                EXT4_EX_NOCACHE);
                        if (IS_ERR(bh)) {
                                /* should we reset i_size? */
                                err = PTR_ERR(bh);
                                break;
                        }
                        /* Yield here to deal with large extent trees.
                         * Should be a no-op if we did IO above. */
                        cond_resched();
                        if (WARN_ON(i + 1 > depth)) {
                                err = -EFSCORRUPTED;
                                break;
                        }
                        path[i + 1].p_bh = bh;

                        /* save actual number of indexes since this
                         * number is changed at the next iteration */
                        path[i].p_block = le16_to_cpu(path[i].p_hdr->eh_entries);
                        i++;
                } else {
                        /* we finished processing this index, go up */
                        if (path[i].p_hdr->eh_entries == 0 && i > 0) {
                                /* index is empty, remove it;
                                 * handle must be already prepared by the
                                 * truncatei_leaf() */
                                err = ext4_ext_rm_idx(handle, inode, path, i);
                        }
                        /* root level has p_bh == NULL, brelse() eats this */
                        brelse(path[i].p_bh);
                        path[i].p_bh = NULL;
                        i--;
                        ext_debug("return to level %d\n", i);
                }
        }

        trace_ext4_ext_remove_space_done(inode, start, end, depth, &partial,
                                         path->p_hdr->eh_entries);

        /*
         * if there's a partial cluster and we have removed the first extent
         * in the file, then we also free the partial cluster, if any
         */
        if (partial.state == tofree && err == 0) {
                int flags = get_default_free_blocks_flags(inode);

                if (ext4_is_pending(inode, partial.lblk))
                        flags |= EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_RERESERVE_CLUSTER;
                ext4_free_blocks(handle, inode, NULL,
                                 EXT4_C2B(sbi, partial.pclu),
                                 sbi->s_cluster_ratio, flags);
                if (flags & EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_RERESERVE_CLUSTER)
                        ext4_rereserve_cluster(inode, partial.lblk);
                partial.state = initial;
        }

        /* TODO: flexible tree reduction should be here */
        if (path->p_hdr->eh_entries == 0) {
                /*
                 * truncate to zero freed all the tree,
                 * so we need to correct eh_depth
                 */
                err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path);
                if (err == 0) {
                        ext_inode_hdr(inode)->eh_depth = 0;
                        ext_inode_hdr(inode)->eh_max =
                                cpu_to_le16(ext4_ext_space_root(inode, 0));
                        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path);
                }
        }
out:
        ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
        kfree(path);
        path = NULL;
        if (err == -EAGAIN)
                goto again;
        ext4_journal_stop(handle);

        return err;
}

/*
 * called at mount time
 */
void ext4_ext_init(struct super_block *sb)
{
        /*
         * possible initialization would be here
         */

        if (ext4_has_feature_extents(sb)) {
#if defined(AGGRESSIVE_TEST) || defined(CHECK_BINSEARCH) || defined(EXTENTS_STATS)
                printk(KERN_INFO "EXT4-fs: file extents enabled"
#ifdef AGGRESSIVE_TEST
                       ", aggressive tests"
#endif
#ifdef CHECK_BINSEARCH
                       ", check binsearch"
#endif
#ifdef EXTENTS_STATS
                       ", stats"
#endif
                       "\n");
#endif
#ifdef EXTENTS_STATS
                spin_lock_init(&EXT4_SB(sb)->s_ext_stats_lock);
                EXT4_SB(sb)->s_ext_min = 1 << 30;
                EXT4_SB(sb)->s_ext_max = 0;
#endif
        }
}

/*
 * called at umount time
 */
void ext4_ext_release(struct super_block *sb)
{
        if (!ext4_has_feature_extents(sb))
                return;

#ifdef EXTENTS_STATS
        if (EXT4_SB(sb)->s_ext_blocks && EXT4_SB(sb)->s_ext_extents) {
                struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(sb);
                printk(KERN_ERR "EXT4-fs: %lu blocks in %lu extents (%lu ave)\n",
                        sbi->s_ext_blocks, sbi->s_ext_extents,
                        sbi->s_ext_blocks / sbi->s_ext_extents);
                printk(KERN_ERR "EXT4-fs: extents: %lu min, %lu max, max depth %lu\n",
                        sbi->s_ext_min, sbi->s_ext_max, sbi->s_depth_max);
        }
#endif
}

static int ext4_zeroout_es(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_extent *ex)
{
        ext4_lblk_t  ee_block;
        ext4_fsblk_t ee_pblock;
        unsigned int ee_len;

        ee_block  = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        ee_len    = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        ee_pblock = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);

        if (ee_len == 0)
                return 0;

        return ext4_es_insert_extent(inode, ee_block, ee_len, ee_pblock,
                                     EXTENT_STATUS_WRITTEN);
}

/* FIXME!! we need to try to merge to left or right after zero-out  */
static int ext4_ext_zeroout(struct inode *inode, struct ext4_extent *ex)
{
        ext4_fsblk_t ee_pblock;
        unsigned int ee_len;

        ee_len    = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        ee_pblock = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
        return ext4_issue_zeroout(inode, le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block), ee_pblock,
                                  ee_len);
}

/*
 * ext4_split_extent_at() splits an extent at given block.
 *
 * @handle: the journal handle
 * @inode: the file inode
 * @path: the path to the extent
 * @split: the logical block where the extent is splitted.
 * @split_flags: indicates if the extent could be zeroout if split fails, and
 *               the states(init or unwritten) of new extents.
 * @flags: flags used to insert new extent to extent tree.
 *
 *
 * Splits extent [a, b] into two extents [a, @split) and [@split, b], states
 * of which are deterimined by split_flag.
 *
 * There are two cases:
 *  a> the extent are splitted into two extent.
 *  b> split is not needed, and just mark the extent.
 *
 * return 0 on success.
 */
static int ext4_split_extent_at(handle_t *handle,
                             struct inode *inode,
                             struct ext4_ext_path **ppath,
                             ext4_lblk_t split,
                             int split_flag,
                             int flags)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *path = *ppath;
        ext4_fsblk_t newblock;
        ext4_lblk_t ee_block;
        struct ext4_extent *ex, newex, orig_ex, zero_ex;
        struct ext4_extent *ex2 = NULL;
        unsigned int ee_len, depth;
        int err = 0;

        BUG_ON((split_flag & (EXT4_EXT_DATA_VALID1 | EXT4_EXT_DATA_VALID2)) ==
               (EXT4_EXT_DATA_VALID1 | EXT4_EXT_DATA_VALID2));

        ext_debug("ext4_split_extents_at: inode %lu, logical"
                "block %llu\n", inode->i_ino, (unsigned long long)split);

        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        newblock = split - ee_block + ext4_ext_pblock(ex);

        BUG_ON(split < ee_block || split >= (ee_block + ee_len));
        BUG_ON(!ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex) &&
               split_flag & (EXT4_EXT_MAY_ZEROOUT |
                             EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT1 |
                             EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT2));

        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
        if (err)
                goto out;

        if (split == ee_block) {
                /*
                 * case b: block @split is the block that the extent begins with
                 * then we just change the state of the extent, and splitting
                 * is not needed.
                 */
                if (split_flag & EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT2)
                        ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex);
                else
                        ext4_ext_mark_initialized(ex);

                if (!(flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO))
                        ext4_ext_try_to_merge(handle, inode, path, ex);

                err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + path->p_depth);
                goto out;
        }

        /* case a */
        memcpy(&orig_ex, ex, sizeof(orig_ex));
        ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(split - ee_block);
        if (split_flag & EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT1)
                ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex);

        /*
         * path may lead to new leaf, not to original leaf any more
         * after ext4_ext_insert_extent() returns,
         */
        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
        if (err)
                goto fix_extent_len;

        ex2 = &newex;
        ex2->ee_block = cpu_to_le32(split);
        ex2->ee_len   = cpu_to_le16(ee_len - (split - ee_block));
        ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex2, newblock);
        if (split_flag & EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT2)
                ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex2);

        err = ext4_ext_insert_extent(handle, inode, ppath, &newex, flags);
        if (err == -ENOSPC && (EXT4_EXT_MAY_ZEROOUT & split_flag)) {
                if (split_flag & (EXT4_EXT_DATA_VALID1|EXT4_EXT_DATA_VALID2)) {
                        if (split_flag & EXT4_EXT_DATA_VALID1) {
                                err = ext4_ext_zeroout(inode, ex2);
                                zero_ex.ee_block = ex2->ee_block;
                                zero_ex.ee_len = cpu_to_le16(
                                                ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2));
                                ext4_ext_store_pblock(&zero_ex,
                                                      ext4_ext_pblock(ex2));
                        } else {
                                err = ext4_ext_zeroout(inode, ex);
                                zero_ex.ee_block = ex->ee_block;
                                zero_ex.ee_len = cpu_to_le16(
                                                ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex));
                                ext4_ext_store_pblock(&zero_ex,
                                                      ext4_ext_pblock(ex));
                        }
                } else {
                        err = ext4_ext_zeroout(inode, &orig_ex);
                        zero_ex.ee_block = orig_ex.ee_block;
                        zero_ex.ee_len = cpu_to_le16(
                                                ext4_ext_get_actual_len(&orig_ex));
                        ext4_ext_store_pblock(&zero_ex,
                                              ext4_ext_pblock(&orig_ex));
                }

                if (err)
                        goto fix_extent_len;
                /* update the extent length and mark as initialized */
                ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(ee_len);
                ext4_ext_try_to_merge(handle, inode, path, ex);
                err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + path->p_depth);
                if (err)
                        goto fix_extent_len;

                /* update extent status tree */
                err = ext4_zeroout_es(inode, &zero_ex);

                goto out;
        } else if (err)
                goto fix_extent_len;

out:
        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);
        return err;

fix_extent_len:
        ex->ee_len = orig_ex.ee_len;
        ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + path->p_depth);
        return err;
}

/*
 * ext4_split_extents() splits an extent and mark extent which is covered
 * by @map as split_flags indicates
 *
 * It may result in splitting the extent into multiple extents (up to three)
 * There are three possibilities:
 *   a> There is no split required
 *   b> Splits in two extents: Split is happening at either end of the extent
 *   c> Splits in three extents: Somone is splitting in middle of the extent
 *
 */
static int ext4_split_extent(handle_t *handle,
                              struct inode *inode,
                              struct ext4_ext_path **ppath,
                              struct ext4_map_blocks *map,
                              int split_flag,
                              int flags)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *path = *ppath;
        ext4_lblk_t ee_block;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        unsigned int ee_len, depth;
        int err = 0;
        int unwritten;
        int split_flag1, flags1;
        int allocated = map->m_len;

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        unwritten = ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex);

        if (map->m_lblk + map->m_len < ee_block + ee_len) {
                split_flag1 = split_flag & EXT4_EXT_MAY_ZEROOUT;
                flags1 = flags | EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO;
                if (unwritten)
                        split_flag1 |= EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT1 |
                                       EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT2;
                if (split_flag & EXT4_EXT_DATA_VALID2)
                        split_flag1 |= EXT4_EXT_DATA_VALID1;
                err = ext4_split_extent_at(handle, inode, ppath,
                                map->m_lblk + map->m_len, split_flag1, flags1);
                if (err)
                        goto out;
        } else {
                allocated = ee_len - (map->m_lblk - ee_block);
        }
        /*
         * Update path is required because previous ext4_split_extent_at() may
         * result in split of original leaf or extent zeroout.
         */
        path = ext4_find_extent(inode, map->m_lblk, ppath, 0);
        if (IS_ERR(path))
                return PTR_ERR(path);
        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        if (!ex) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "unexpected hole at %lu",
                                 (unsigned long) map->m_lblk);
                return -EFSCORRUPTED;
        }
        unwritten = ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex);
        split_flag1 = 0;

        if (map->m_lblk >= ee_block) {
                split_flag1 = split_flag & EXT4_EXT_DATA_VALID2;
                if (unwritten) {
                        split_flag1 |= EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT1;
                        split_flag1 |= split_flag & (EXT4_EXT_MAY_ZEROOUT |
                                                     EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT2);
                }
                err = ext4_split_extent_at(handle, inode, ppath,
                                map->m_lblk, split_flag1, flags);
                if (err)
                        goto out;
        }

        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);
out:
        return err ? err : allocated;
}

/*
 * This function is called by ext4_ext_map_blocks() if someone tries to write
 * to an unwritten extent. It may result in splitting the unwritten
 * extent into multiple extents (up to three - one initialized and two
 * unwritten).
 * There are three possibilities:
 *   a> There is no split required: Entire extent should be initialized
 *   b> Splits in two extents: Write is happening at either end of the extent
 *   c> Splits in three extents: Somone is writing in middle of the extent
 *
 * Pre-conditions:
 *  - The extent pointed to by 'path' is unwritten.
 *  - The extent pointed to by 'path' contains a superset
 *    of the logical span [map->m_lblk, map->m_lblk + map->m_len).
 *
 * Post-conditions on success:
 *  - the returned value is the number of blocks beyond map->l_lblk
 *    that are allocated and initialized.
 *    It is guaranteed to be >= map->m_len.
 */
static int ext4_ext_convert_to_initialized(handle_t *handle,
                                           struct inode *inode,
                                           struct ext4_map_blocks *map,
                                           struct ext4_ext_path **ppath,
                                           int flags)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *path = *ppath;
        struct ext4_sb_info *sbi;
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        struct ext4_map_blocks split_map;
        struct ext4_extent zero_ex1, zero_ex2;
        struct ext4_extent *ex, *abut_ex;
        ext4_lblk_t ee_block, eof_block;
        unsigned int ee_len, depth, map_len = map->m_len;
        int allocated = 0, max_zeroout = 0;
        int err = 0;
        int split_flag = EXT4_EXT_DATA_VALID2;

        ext_debug("ext4_ext_convert_to_initialized: inode %lu, logical"
                "block %llu, max_blocks %u\n", inode->i_ino,
                (unsigned long long)map->m_lblk, map_len);

        sbi = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb);
        eof_block = (inode->i_size + inode->i_sb->s_blocksize - 1) >>
                inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
        if (eof_block < map->m_lblk + map_len)
                eof_block = map->m_lblk + map_len;

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);
        zero_ex1.ee_len = 0;
        zero_ex2.ee_len = 0;

        trace_ext4_ext_convert_to_initialized_enter(inode, map, ex);

        /* Pre-conditions */
        BUG_ON(!ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex));
        BUG_ON(!in_range(map->m_lblk, ee_block, ee_len));

        /*
         * Attempt to transfer newly initialized blocks from the currently
         * unwritten extent to its neighbor. This is much cheaper
         * than an insertion followed by a merge as those involve costly
         * memmove() calls. Transferring to the left is the common case in
         * steady state for workloads doing fallocate(FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE)
         * followed by append writes.
         *
         * Limitations of the current logic:
         *  - L1: we do not deal with writes covering the whole extent.
         *    This would require removing the extent if the transfer
         *    is possible.
         *  - L2: we only attempt to merge with an extent stored in the
         *    same extent tree node.
         */
        if ((map->m_lblk == ee_block) &&
                /* See if we can merge left */
                (map_len < ee_len) &&           /*L1*/
                (ex > EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(eh))) {  /*L2*/
                ext4_lblk_t prev_lblk;
                ext4_fsblk_t prev_pblk, ee_pblk;
                unsigned int prev_len;

                abut_ex = ex - 1;
                prev_lblk = le32_to_cpu(abut_ex->ee_block);
                prev_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(abut_ex);
                prev_pblk = ext4_ext_pblock(abut_ex);
                ee_pblk = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);

                /*
                 * A transfer of blocks from 'ex' to 'abut_ex' is allowed
                 * upon those conditions:
                 * - C1: abut_ex is initialized,
                 * - C2: abut_ex is logically abutting ex,
                 * - C3: abut_ex is physically abutting ex,
                 * - C4: abut_ex can receive the additional blocks without
                 *   overflowing the (initialized) length limit.
                 */
                if ((!ext4_ext_is_unwritten(abut_ex)) &&                /*C1*/
                        ((prev_lblk + prev_len) == ee_block) &&         /*C2*/
                        ((prev_pblk + prev_len) == ee_pblk) &&          /*C3*/
                        (prev_len < (EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN - map_len))) {    /*C4*/
                        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
                        if (err)
                                goto out;

                        trace_ext4_ext_convert_to_initialized_fastpath(inode,
                                map, ex, abut_ex);

                        /* Shift the start of ex by 'map_len' blocks */
                        ex->ee_block = cpu_to_le32(ee_block + map_len);
                        ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex, ee_pblk + map_len);
                        ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(ee_len - map_len);
                        ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex); /* Restore the flag */

                        /* Extend abut_ex by 'map_len' blocks */
                        abut_ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(prev_len + map_len);

                        /* Result: number of initialized blocks past m_lblk */
                        allocated = map_len;
                }
        } else if (((map->m_lblk + map_len) == (ee_block + ee_len)) &&
                   (map_len < ee_len) &&        /*L1*/
                   ex < EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh)) {  /*L2*/
                /* See if we can merge right */
                ext4_lblk_t next_lblk;
                ext4_fsblk_t next_pblk, ee_pblk;
                unsigned int next_len;

                abut_ex = ex + 1;
                next_lblk = le32_to_cpu(abut_ex->ee_block);
                next_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(abut_ex);
                next_pblk = ext4_ext_pblock(abut_ex);
                ee_pblk = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);

                /*
                 * A transfer of blocks from 'ex' to 'abut_ex' is allowed
                 * upon those conditions:
                 * - C1: abut_ex is initialized,
                 * - C2: abut_ex is logically abutting ex,
                 * - C3: abut_ex is physically abutting ex,
                 * - C4: abut_ex can receive the additional blocks without
                 *   overflowing the (initialized) length limit.
                 */
                if ((!ext4_ext_is_unwritten(abut_ex)) &&                /*C1*/
                    ((map->m_lblk + map_len) == next_lblk) &&           /*C2*/
                    ((ee_pblk + ee_len) == next_pblk) &&                /*C3*/
                    (next_len < (EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN - map_len))) {        /*C4*/
                        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
                        if (err)
                                goto out;

                        trace_ext4_ext_convert_to_initialized_fastpath(inode,
                                map, ex, abut_ex);

                        /* Shift the start of abut_ex by 'map_len' blocks */
                        abut_ex->ee_block = cpu_to_le32(next_lblk - map_len);
                        ext4_ext_store_pblock(abut_ex, next_pblk - map_len);
                        ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(ee_len - map_len);
                        ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex); /* Restore the flag */

                        /* Extend abut_ex by 'map_len' blocks */
                        abut_ex->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(next_len + map_len);

                        /* Result: number of initialized blocks past m_lblk */
                        allocated = map_len;
                }
        }
        if (allocated) {
                /* Mark the block containing both extents as dirty */
                ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);

                /* Update path to point to the right extent */
                path[depth].p_ext = abut_ex;
                goto out;
        } else
                allocated = ee_len - (map->m_lblk - ee_block);

        WARN_ON(map->m_lblk < ee_block);
        /*
         * It is safe to convert extent to initialized via explicit
         * zeroout only if extent is fully inside i_size or new_size.
         */
        split_flag |= ee_block + ee_len <= eof_block ? EXT4_EXT_MAY_ZEROOUT : 0;

        if (EXT4_EXT_MAY_ZEROOUT & split_flag)
                max_zeroout = sbi->s_extent_max_zeroout_kb >>
                        (inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits - 10);

        /*
         * five cases:
         * 1. split the extent into three extents.
         * 2. split the extent into two extents, zeroout the head of the first
         *    extent.
         * 3. split the extent into two extents, zeroout the tail of the second
         *    extent.
         * 4. split the extent into two extents with out zeroout.
         * 5. no splitting needed, just possibly zeroout the head and / or the
         *    tail of the extent.
         */
        split_map.m_lblk = map->m_lblk;
        split_map.m_len = map->m_len;

        if (max_zeroout && (allocated > split_map.m_len)) {
                if (allocated <= max_zeroout) {
                        /* case 3 or 5 */
                        zero_ex1.ee_block =
                                 cpu_to_le32(split_map.m_lblk +
                                             split_map.m_len);
                        zero_ex1.ee_len =
                                cpu_to_le16(allocated - split_map.m_len);
                        ext4_ext_store_pblock(&zero_ex1,
                                ext4_ext_pblock(ex) + split_map.m_lblk +
                                split_map.m_len - ee_block);
                        err = ext4_ext_zeroout(inode, &zero_ex1);
                        if (err)
                                goto out;
                        split_map.m_len = allocated;
                }
                if (split_map.m_lblk - ee_block + split_map.m_len <
                                                                max_zeroout) {
                        /* case 2 or 5 */
                        if (split_map.m_lblk != ee_block) {
                                zero_ex2.ee_block = ex->ee_block;
                                zero_ex2.ee_len = cpu_to_le16(split_map.m_lblk -
                                                        ee_block);
                                ext4_ext_store_pblock(&zero_ex2,
                                                      ext4_ext_pblock(ex));
                                err = ext4_ext_zeroout(inode, &zero_ex2);
                                if (err)
                                        goto out;
                        }

                        split_map.m_len += split_map.m_lblk - ee_block;
                        split_map.m_lblk = ee_block;
                        allocated = map->m_len;
                }
        }

        err = ext4_split_extent(handle, inode, ppath, &split_map, split_flag,
                                flags);
        if (err > 0)
                err = 0;
out:
        /* If we have gotten a failure, don't zero out status tree */
        if (!err) {
                err = ext4_zeroout_es(inode, &zero_ex1);
                if (!err)
                        err = ext4_zeroout_es(inode, &zero_ex2);
        }
        return err ? err : allocated;
}

/*
 * This function is called by ext4_ext_map_blocks() from
 * ext4_get_blocks_dio_write() when DIO to write
 * to an unwritten extent.
 *
 * Writing to an unwritten extent may result in splitting the unwritten
 * extent into multiple initialized/unwritten extents (up to three)
 * There are three possibilities:
 *   a> There is no split required: Entire extent should be unwritten
 *   b> Splits in two extents: Write is happening at either end of the extent
 *   c> Splits in three extents: Somone is writing in middle of the extent
 *
 * This works the same way in the case of initialized -> unwritten conversion.
 *
 * One of more index blocks maybe needed if the extent tree grow after
 * the unwritten extent split. To prevent ENOSPC occur at the IO
 * complete, we need to split the unwritten extent before DIO submit
 * the IO. The unwritten extent called at this time will be split
 * into three unwritten extent(at most). After IO complete, the part
 * being filled will be convert to initialized by the end_io callback function
 * via ext4_convert_unwritten_extents().
 *
 * Returns the size of unwritten extent to be written on success.
 */
static int ext4_split_convert_extents(handle_t *handle,
                                        struct inode *inode,
                                        struct ext4_map_blocks *map,
                                        struct ext4_ext_path **ppath,
                                        int flags)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *path = *ppath;
        ext4_lblk_t eof_block;
        ext4_lblk_t ee_block;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        unsigned int ee_len;
        int split_flag = 0, depth;

        ext_debug("%s: inode %lu, logical block %llu, max_blocks %u\n",
                  __func__, inode->i_ino,
                  (unsigned long long)map->m_lblk, map->m_len);

        eof_block = (inode->i_size + inode->i_sb->s_blocksize - 1) >>
                inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
        if (eof_block < map->m_lblk + map->m_len)
                eof_block = map->m_lblk + map->m_len;
        /*
         * It is safe to convert extent to initialized via explicit
         * zeroout only if extent is fully insde i_size or new_size.
         */
        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);

        /* Convert to unwritten */
        if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CONVERT_UNWRITTEN) {
                split_flag |= EXT4_EXT_DATA_VALID1;
        /* Convert to initialized */
        } else if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CONVERT) {
                split_flag |= ee_block + ee_len <= eof_block ?
                              EXT4_EXT_MAY_ZEROOUT : 0;
                split_flag |= (EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT2 | EXT4_EXT_DATA_VALID2);
        }
        flags |= EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO;
        return ext4_split_extent(handle, inode, ppath, map, split_flag, flags);
}

static int ext4_convert_unwritten_extents_endio(handle_t *handle,
                                                struct inode *inode,
                                                struct ext4_map_blocks *map,
                                                struct ext4_ext_path **ppath)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *path = *ppath;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        ext4_lblk_t ee_block;
        unsigned int ee_len;
        int depth;
        int err = 0;

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);

        ext_debug("ext4_convert_unwritten_extents_endio: inode %lu, logical"
                "block %llu, max_blocks %u\n", inode->i_ino,
                  (unsigned long long)ee_block, ee_len);

        /* If extent is larger than requested it is a clear sign that we still
         * have some extent state machine issues left. So extent_split is still
         * required.
         * TODO: Once all related issues will be fixed this situation should be
         * illegal.
         */
        if (ee_block != map->m_lblk || ee_len > map->m_len) {
#ifdef CONFIG_EXT4_DEBUG
                ext4_warning(inode->i_sb, "Inode (%ld) finished: extent logical block %llu,"
                             " len %u; IO logical block %llu, len %u",
                             inode->i_ino, (unsigned long long)ee_block, ee_len,
                             (unsigned long long)map->m_lblk, map->m_len);
#endif
                err = ext4_split_convert_extents(handle, inode, map, ppath,
                                                 EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CONVERT);
                if (err < 0)
                        return err;
                path = ext4_find_extent(inode, map->m_lblk, ppath, 0);
                if (IS_ERR(path))
                        return PTR_ERR(path);
                depth = ext_depth(inode);
                ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        }

        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
        if (err)
                goto out;
        /* first mark the extent as initialized */
        ext4_ext_mark_initialized(ex);

        /* note: ext4_ext_correct_indexes() isn't needed here because
         * borders are not changed
         */
        ext4_ext_try_to_merge(handle, inode, path, ex);

        /* Mark modified extent as dirty */
        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + path->p_depth);
out:
        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);
        return err;
}

/*
 * Handle EOFBLOCKS_FL flag, clearing it if necessary
 */
static int check_eofblocks_fl(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                              ext4_lblk_t lblk,
                              struct ext4_ext_path *path,
                              unsigned int len)
{
        int i, depth;
        struct ext4_extent_header *eh;
        struct ext4_extent *last_ex;

        if (!ext4_test_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EOFBLOCKS))
                return 0;

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        eh = path[depth].p_hdr;

        /*
         * We're going to remove EOFBLOCKS_FL entirely in future so we
         * do not care for this case anymore. Simply remove the flag
         * if there are no extents.
         */
        if (unlikely(!eh->eh_entries))
                goto out;
        last_ex = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(eh);
        /*
         * We should clear the EOFBLOCKS_FL flag if we are writing the
         * last block in the last extent in the file.  We test this by
         * first checking to see if the caller to
         * ext4_ext_get_blocks() was interested in the last block (or
         * a block beyond the last block) in the current extent.  If
         * this turns out to be false, we can bail out from this
         * function immediately.
         */
        if (lblk + len < le32_to_cpu(last_ex->ee_block) +
            ext4_ext_get_actual_len(last_ex))
                return 0;
        /*
         * If the caller does appear to be planning to write at or
         * beyond the end of the current extent, we then test to see
         * if the current extent is the last extent in the file, by
         * checking to make sure it was reached via the rightmost node
         * at each level of the tree.
         */
        for (i = depth-1; i >= 0; i--)
                if (path[i].p_idx != EXT_LAST_INDEX(path[i].p_hdr))
                        return 0;
out:
        ext4_clear_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EOFBLOCKS);
        return ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
}

static int
convert_initialized_extent(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                           struct ext4_map_blocks *map,
                           struct ext4_ext_path **ppath,
                           unsigned int allocated)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *path = *ppath;
        struct ext4_extent *ex;
        ext4_lblk_t ee_block;
        unsigned int ee_len;
        int depth;
        int err = 0;

        /*
         * Make sure that the extent is no bigger than we support with
         * unwritten extent
         */
        if (map->m_len > EXT_UNWRITTEN_MAX_LEN)
                map->m_len = EXT_UNWRITTEN_MAX_LEN / 2;

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);

        ext_debug("%s: inode %lu, logical"
                "block %llu, max_blocks %u\n", __func__, inode->i_ino,
                  (unsigned long long)ee_block, ee_len);

        if (ee_block != map->m_lblk || ee_len > map->m_len) {
                err = ext4_split_convert_extents(handle, inode, map, ppath,
                                EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CONVERT_UNWRITTEN);
                if (err < 0)
                        return err;
                path = ext4_find_extent(inode, map->m_lblk, ppath, 0);
                if (IS_ERR(path))
                        return PTR_ERR(path);
                depth = ext_depth(inode);
                ex = path[depth].p_ext;
                if (!ex) {
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "unexpected hole at %lu",
                                         (unsigned long) map->m_lblk);
                        return -EFSCORRUPTED;
                }
        }

        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path + depth);
        if (err)
                return err;
        /* first mark the extent as unwritten */
        ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex);

        /* note: ext4_ext_correct_indexes() isn't needed here because
         * borders are not changed
         */
        ext4_ext_try_to_merge(handle, inode, path, ex);

        /* Mark modified extent as dirty */
        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + path->p_depth);
        if (err)
                return err;
        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);

        ext4_update_inode_fsync_trans(handle, inode, 1);
        err = check_eofblocks_fl(handle, inode, map->m_lblk, path, map->m_len);
        if (err)
                return err;
        map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_UNWRITTEN;
        if (allocated > map->m_len)
                allocated = map->m_len;
        map->m_len = allocated;
        return allocated;
}

static int
ext4_ext_handle_unwritten_extents(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                        struct ext4_map_blocks *map,
                        struct ext4_ext_path **ppath, int flags,
                        unsigned int allocated, ext4_fsblk_t newblock)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *path = *ppath;
        int ret = 0;
        int err = 0;

        ext_debug("ext4_ext_handle_unwritten_extents: inode %lu, logical "
                  "block %llu, max_blocks %u, flags %x, allocated %u\n",
                  inode->i_ino, (unsigned long long)map->m_lblk, map->m_len,
                  flags, allocated);
        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);

        /*
         * When writing into unwritten space, we should not fail to
         * allocate metadata blocks for the new extent block if needed.
         */
        flags |= EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_METADATA_NOFAIL;

        trace_ext4_ext_handle_unwritten_extents(inode, map, flags,
                                                    allocated, newblock);

        /* get_block() before submit the IO, split the extent */
        if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO) {
                ret = ext4_split_convert_extents(handle, inode, map, ppath,
                                         flags | EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CONVERT);
                if (ret <= 0)
                        goto out;
                map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_UNWRITTEN;
                goto out;
        }
        /* IO end_io complete, convert the filled extent to written */
        if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CONVERT) {
                if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_ZERO) {
                        if (allocated > map->m_len)
                                allocated = map->m_len;
                        err = ext4_issue_zeroout(inode, map->m_lblk, newblock,
                                                 allocated);
                        if (err < 0)
                                goto out2;
                }
                ret = ext4_convert_unwritten_extents_endio(handle, inode, map,
                                                           ppath);
                if (ret >= 0) {
                        ext4_update_inode_fsync_trans(handle, inode, 1);
                        err = check_eofblocks_fl(handle, inode, map->m_lblk,
                                                 path, map->m_len);
                } else
                        err = ret;
                map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_MAPPED;
                map->m_pblk = newblock;
                if (allocated > map->m_len)
                        allocated = map->m_len;
                map->m_len = allocated;
                goto out2;
        }
        /* buffered IO case */
        /*
         * repeat fallocate creation request
         * we already have an unwritten extent
         */
        if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_UNWRIT_EXT) {
                map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_UNWRITTEN;
                goto map_out;
        }

        /* buffered READ or buffered write_begin() lookup */
        if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CREATE) == 0) {
                /*
                 * We have blocks reserved already.  We
                 * return allocated blocks so that delalloc
                 * won't do block reservation for us.  But
                 * the buffer head will be unmapped so that
                 * a read from the block returns 0s.
                 */
                map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_UNWRITTEN;
                goto out1;
        }

        /* buffered write, writepage time, convert*/
        ret = ext4_ext_convert_to_initialized(handle, inode, map, ppath, flags);
        if (ret >= 0)
                ext4_update_inode_fsync_trans(handle, inode, 1);
out:
        if (ret <= 0) {
                err = ret;
                goto out2;
        } else
                allocated = ret;
        map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_NEW;
        if (allocated > map->m_len)
                allocated = map->m_len;
        map->m_len = allocated;

map_out:
        map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_MAPPED;
        if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_KEEP_SIZE) == 0) {
                err = check_eofblocks_fl(handle, inode, map->m_lblk, path,
                                         map->m_len);
                if (err < 0)
                        goto out2;
        }
out1:
        if (allocated > map->m_len)
                allocated = map->m_len;
        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);
        map->m_pblk = newblock;
        map->m_len = allocated;
out2:
        return err ? err : allocated;
}

/*
 * get_implied_cluster_alloc - check to see if the requested
 * allocation (in the map structure) overlaps with a cluster already
 * allocated in an extent.
 *      @sb     The filesystem superblock structure
 *      @map    The requested lblk->pblk mapping
 *      @ex     The extent structure which might contain an implied
 *                      cluster allocation
 *
 * This function is called by ext4_ext_map_blocks() after we failed to
 * find blocks that were already in the inode's extent tree.  Hence,
 * we know that the beginning of the requested region cannot overlap
 * the extent from the inode's extent tree.  There are three cases we
 * want to catch.  The first is this case:
 *
 *               |--- cluster # N--|
 *    |--- extent ---|  |---- requested region ---|
 *                      |==========|
 *
 * The second case that we need to test for is this one:
 *
 *   |--------- cluster # N ----------------|
 *         |--- requested region --|   |------- extent ----|
 *         |=======================|
 *
 * The third case is when the requested region lies between two extents
 * within the same cluster:
 *          |------------- cluster # N-------------|
 * |----- ex -----|                  |---- ex_right ----|
 *                  |------ requested region ------|
 *                  |================|
 *
 * In each of the above cases, we need to set the map->m_pblk and
 * map->m_len so it corresponds to the return the extent labelled as
 * "|====|" from cluster #N, since it is already in use for data in
 * cluster EXT4_B2C(sbi, map->m_lblk).  We will then return 1 to
 * signal to ext4_ext_map_blocks() that map->m_pblk should be treated
 * as a new "allocated" block region.  Otherwise, we will return 0 and
 * ext4_ext_map_blocks() will then allocate one or more new clusters
 * by calling ext4_mb_new_blocks().
 */
static int get_implied_cluster_alloc(struct super_block *sb,
                                     struct ext4_map_blocks *map,
                                     struct ext4_extent *ex,
                                     struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(sb);
        ext4_lblk_t c_offset = EXT4_LBLK_COFF(sbi, map->m_lblk);
        ext4_lblk_t ex_cluster_start, ex_cluster_end;
        ext4_lblk_t rr_cluster_start;
        ext4_lblk_t ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
        ext4_fsblk_t ee_start = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
        unsigned short ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);

        /* The extent passed in that we are trying to match */
        ex_cluster_start = EXT4_B2C(sbi, ee_block);
        ex_cluster_end = EXT4_B2C(sbi, ee_block + ee_len - 1);

        /* The requested region passed into ext4_map_blocks() */
        rr_cluster_start = EXT4_B2C(sbi, map->m_lblk);

        if ((rr_cluster_start == ex_cluster_end) ||
            (rr_cluster_start == ex_cluster_start)) {
                if (rr_cluster_start == ex_cluster_end)
                        ee_start += ee_len - 1;
                map->m_pblk = EXT4_PBLK_CMASK(sbi, ee_start) + c_offset;
                map->m_len = min(map->m_len,
                                 (unsigned) sbi->s_cluster_ratio - c_offset);
                /*
                 * Check for and handle this case:
                 *
                 *   |--------- cluster # N-------------|
                 *                     |------- extent ----|
                 *         |--- requested region ---|
                 *         |===========|
                 */

                if (map->m_lblk < ee_block)
                        map->m_len = min(map->m_len, ee_block - map->m_lblk);

                /*
                 * Check for the case where there is already another allocated
                 * block to the right of 'ex' but before the end of the cluster.
                 *
                 *          |------------- cluster # N-------------|
                 * |----- ex -----|                  |---- ex_right ----|
                 *                  |------ requested region ------|
                 *                  |================|
                 */
                if (map->m_lblk > ee_block) {
                        ext4_lblk_t next = ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(path);
                        map->m_len = min(map->m_len, next - map->m_lblk);
                }

                trace_ext4_get_implied_cluster_alloc_exit(sb, map, 1);
                return 1;
        }

        trace_ext4_get_implied_cluster_alloc_exit(sb, map, 0);
        return 0;
}


/*
 * Block allocation/map/preallocation routine for extents based files
 *
 *
 * Need to be called with
 * down_read(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem) if not allocating file system block
 * (ie, create is zero). Otherwise down_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem)
 *
 * return > 0, number of of blocks already mapped/allocated
 *          if create == 0 and these are pre-allocated blocks
 *              buffer head is unmapped
 *          otherwise blocks are mapped
 *
 * return = 0, if plain look up failed (blocks have not been allocated)
 *          buffer head is unmapped
 *
 * return < 0, error case.
 */
int ext4_ext_map_blocks(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                        struct ext4_map_blocks *map, int flags)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *path = NULL;
        struct ext4_extent newex, *ex, *ex2;
        struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb);
        ext4_fsblk_t newblock = 0;
        int free_on_err = 0, err = 0, depth, ret;
        unsigned int allocated = 0, offset = 0;
        unsigned int allocated_clusters = 0;
        struct ext4_allocation_request ar;
        ext4_lblk_t cluster_offset;
        bool map_from_cluster = false;

        ext_debug("blocks %u/%u requested for inode %lu\n",
                  map->m_lblk, map->m_len, inode->i_ino);
        trace_ext4_ext_map_blocks_enter(inode, map->m_lblk, map->m_len, flags);

        /* find extent for this block */
        path = ext4_find_extent(inode, map->m_lblk, NULL, 0);
        if (IS_ERR(path)) {
                err = PTR_ERR(path);
                path = NULL;
                goto out2;
        }

        depth = ext_depth(inode);

        /*
         * consistent leaf must not be empty;
         * this situation is possible, though, _during_ tree modification;
         * this is why assert can't be put in ext4_find_extent()
         */
        if (unlikely(path[depth].p_ext == NULL && depth != 0)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "bad extent address "
                                 "lblock: %lu, depth: %d pblock %lld",
                                 (unsigned long) map->m_lblk, depth,
                                 path[depth].p_block);
                err = -EFSCORRUPTED;
                goto out2;
        }

        ex = path[depth].p_ext;
        if (ex) {
                ext4_lblk_t ee_block = le32_to_cpu(ex->ee_block);
                ext4_fsblk_t ee_start = ext4_ext_pblock(ex);
                unsigned short ee_len;


                /*
                 * unwritten extents are treated as holes, except that
                 * we split out initialized portions during a write.
                 */
                ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex);

                trace_ext4_ext_show_extent(inode, ee_block, ee_start, ee_len);

                /* if found extent covers block, simply return it */
                if (in_range(map->m_lblk, ee_block, ee_len)) {
                        newblock = map->m_lblk - ee_block + ee_start;
                        /* number of remaining blocks in the extent */
                        allocated = ee_len - (map->m_lblk - ee_block);
                        ext_debug("%u fit into %u:%d -> %llu\n", map->m_lblk,
                                  ee_block, ee_len, newblock);

                        /*
                         * If the extent is initialized check whether the
                         * caller wants to convert it to unwritten.
                         */
                        if ((!ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex)) &&
                            (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CONVERT_UNWRITTEN)) {
                                allocated = convert_initialized_extent(
                                                handle, inode, map, &path,
                                                allocated);
                                goto out2;
                        } else if (!ext4_ext_is_unwritten(ex))
                                goto out;

                        ret = ext4_ext_handle_unwritten_extents(
                                handle, inode, map, &path, flags,
                                allocated, newblock);
                        if (ret < 0)
                                err = ret;
                        else
                                allocated = ret;
                        goto out2;
                }
        }

        /*
         * requested block isn't allocated yet;
         * we couldn't try to create block if create flag is zero
         */
        if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CREATE) == 0) {
                ext4_lblk_t hole_start, hole_len;

                hole_start = map->m_lblk;
                hole_len = ext4_ext_determine_hole(inode, path, &hole_start);
                /*
                 * put just found gap into cache to speed up
                 * subsequent requests
                 */
                ext4_ext_put_gap_in_cache(inode, hole_start, hole_len);

                /* Update hole_len to reflect hole size after map->m_lblk */
                if (hole_start != map->m_lblk)
                        hole_len -= map->m_lblk - hole_start;
                map->m_pblk = 0;
                map->m_len = min_t(unsigned int, map->m_len, hole_len);

                goto out2;
        }

        /*
         * Okay, we need to do block allocation.
         */
        newex.ee_block = cpu_to_le32(map->m_lblk);
        cluster_offset = EXT4_LBLK_COFF(sbi, map->m_lblk);

        /*
         * If we are doing bigalloc, check to see if the extent returned
         * by ext4_find_extent() implies a cluster we can use.
         */
        if (cluster_offset && ex &&
            get_implied_cluster_alloc(inode->i_sb, map, ex, path)) {
                ar.len = allocated = map->m_len;
                newblock = map->m_pblk;
                map_from_cluster = true;
                goto got_allocated_blocks;
        }

        /* find neighbour allocated blocks */
        ar.lleft = map->m_lblk;
        err = ext4_ext_search_left(inode, path, &ar.lleft, &ar.pleft);
        if (err)
                goto out2;
        ar.lright = map->m_lblk;
        ex2 = NULL;
        err = ext4_ext_search_right(inode, path, &ar.lright, &ar.pright, &ex2);
        if (err)
                goto out2;

        /* Check if the extent after searching to the right implies a
         * cluster we can use. */
        if ((sbi->s_cluster_ratio > 1) && ex2 &&
            get_implied_cluster_alloc(inode->i_sb, map, ex2, path)) {
                ar.len = allocated = map->m_len;
                newblock = map->m_pblk;
                map_from_cluster = true;
                goto got_allocated_blocks;
        }

        /*
         * See if request is beyond maximum number of blocks we can have in
         * a single extent. For an initialized extent this limit is
         * EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN and for an unwritten extent this limit is
         * EXT_UNWRITTEN_MAX_LEN.
         */
        if (map->m_len > EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN &&
            !(flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_UNWRIT_EXT))
                map->m_len = EXT_INIT_MAX_LEN;
        else if (map->m_len > EXT_UNWRITTEN_MAX_LEN &&
                 (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_UNWRIT_EXT))
                map->m_len = EXT_UNWRITTEN_MAX_LEN;

        /* Check if we can really insert (m_lblk)::(m_lblk + m_len) extent */
        newex.ee_len = cpu_to_le16(map->m_len);
        err = ext4_ext_check_overlap(sbi, inode, &newex, path);
        if (err)
                allocated = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(&newex);
        else
                allocated = map->m_len;

        /* allocate new block */
        ar.inode = inode;
        ar.goal = ext4_ext_find_goal(inode, path, map->m_lblk);
        ar.logical = map->m_lblk;
        /*
         * We calculate the offset from the beginning of the cluster
         * for the logical block number, since when we allocate a
         * physical cluster, the physical block should start at the
         * same offset from the beginning of the cluster.  This is
         * needed so that future calls to get_implied_cluster_alloc()
         * work correctly.
         */
        offset = EXT4_LBLK_COFF(sbi, map->m_lblk);
        ar.len = EXT4_NUM_B2C(sbi, offset+allocated);
        ar.goal -= offset;
        ar.logical -= offset;
        if (S_ISREG(inode->i_mode))
                ar.flags = EXT4_MB_HINT_DATA;
        else
                /* disable in-core preallocation for non-regular files */
                ar.flags = 0;
        if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_NO_NORMALIZE)
                ar.flags |= EXT4_MB_HINT_NOPREALLOC;
        if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_DELALLOC_RESERVE)
                ar.flags |= EXT4_MB_DELALLOC_RESERVED;
        if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_METADATA_NOFAIL)
                ar.flags |= EXT4_MB_USE_RESERVED;
        newblock = ext4_mb_new_blocks(handle, &ar, &err);
        if (!newblock)
                goto out2;
        ext_debug("allocate new block: goal %llu, found %llu/%u\n",
                  ar.goal, newblock, allocated);
        free_on_err = 1;
        allocated_clusters = ar.len;
        ar.len = EXT4_C2B(sbi, ar.len) - offset;
        if (ar.len > allocated)
                ar.len = allocated;

got_allocated_blocks:
        /* try to insert new extent into found leaf and return */
        ext4_ext_store_pblock(&newex, newblock + offset);
        newex.ee_len = cpu_to_le16(ar.len);
        /* Mark unwritten */
        if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_UNWRIT_EXT){
                ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(&newex);
                map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_UNWRITTEN;
        }

        err = 0;
        if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_KEEP_SIZE) == 0)
                err = check_eofblocks_fl(handle, inode, map->m_lblk,
                                         path, ar.len);
        if (!err)
                err = ext4_ext_insert_extent(handle, inode, &path,
                                             &newex, flags);

        if (err && free_on_err) {
                int fb_flags = flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_DELALLOC_RESERVE ?
                        EXT4_FREE_BLOCKS_NO_QUOT_UPDATE : 0;
                /* free data blocks we just allocated */
                /* not a good idea to call discard here directly,
                 * but otherwise we'd need to call it every free() */
                ext4_discard_preallocations(inode);
                ext4_free_blocks(handle, inode, NULL, newblock,
                                 EXT4_C2B(sbi, allocated_clusters), fb_flags);
                goto out2;
        }

        /* previous routine could use block we allocated */
        newblock = ext4_ext_pblock(&newex);
        allocated = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(&newex);
        if (allocated > map->m_len)
                allocated = map->m_len;
        map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_NEW;

        /*
         * Reduce the reserved cluster count to reflect successful deferred
         * allocation of delayed allocated clusters or direct allocation of
         * clusters discovered to be delayed allocated.  Once allocated, a
         * cluster is not included in the reserved count.
         */
        if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, DELALLOC) && !map_from_cluster) {
                if (flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_DELALLOC_RESERVE) {
                        /*
                         * When allocating delayed allocated clusters, simply
                         * reduce the reserved cluster count and claim quota
                         */
                        ext4_da_update_reserve_space(inode, allocated_clusters,
                                                        1);
                } else {
                        ext4_lblk_t lblk, len;
                        unsigned int n;

                        /*
                         * When allocating non-delayed allocated clusters
                         * (from fallocate, filemap, DIO, or clusters
                         * allocated when delalloc has been disabled by
                         * ext4_nonda_switch), reduce the reserved cluster
                         * count by the number of allocated clusters that
                         * have previously been delayed allocated.  Quota
                         * has been claimed by ext4_mb_new_blocks() above,
                         * so release the quota reservations made for any
                         * previously delayed allocated clusters.
                         */
                        lblk = EXT4_LBLK_CMASK(sbi, map->m_lblk);
                        len = allocated_clusters << sbi->s_cluster_bits;
                        n = ext4_es_delayed_clu(inode, lblk, len);
                        if (n > 0)
                                ext4_da_update_reserve_space(inode, (int) n, 0);
                }
        }

        /*
         * Cache the extent and update transaction to commit on fdatasync only
         * when it is _not_ an unwritten extent.
         */
        if ((flags & EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_UNWRIT_EXT) == 0)
                ext4_update_inode_fsync_trans(handle, inode, 1);
        else
                ext4_update_inode_fsync_trans(handle, inode, 0);
out:
        if (allocated > map->m_len)
                allocated = map->m_len;
        ext4_ext_show_leaf(inode, path);
        map->m_flags |= EXT4_MAP_MAPPED;
        map->m_pblk = newblock;
        map->m_len = allocated;
out2:
        ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
        kfree(path);

        trace_ext4_ext_map_blocks_exit(inode, flags, map,
                                       err ? err : allocated);
        return err ? err : allocated;
}

int ext4_ext_truncate(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode)
{
        struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
        ext4_lblk_t last_block;
        int err = 0;

        /*
         * TODO: optimization is possible here.
         * Probably we need not scan at all,
         * because page truncation is enough.
         */

        /* we have to know where to truncate from in crash case */
        EXT4_I(inode)->i_disksize = inode->i_size;
        err = ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
        if (err)
                return err;

        last_block = (inode->i_size + sb->s_blocksize - 1)
                        >> EXT4_BLOCK_SIZE_BITS(sb);
retry:
        err = ext4_es_remove_extent(inode, last_block,
                                    EXT_MAX_BLOCKS - last_block);
        if (err == -ENOMEM) {
                cond_resched();
                congestion_wait(BLK_RW_ASYNC, HZ/50);
                goto retry;
        }
        if (err)
                return err;
        return ext4_ext_remove_space(inode, last_block, EXT_MAX_BLOCKS - 1);
}

static int ext4_alloc_file_blocks(struct file *file, ext4_lblk_t offset,
                                  ext4_lblk_t len, loff_t new_size,
                                  int flags)
{
        struct inode *inode = file_inode(file);
        handle_t *handle;
        int ret = 0;
        int ret2 = 0;
        int retries = 0;
        int depth = 0;
        struct ext4_map_blocks map;
        unsigned int credits;
        loff_t epos;

        BUG_ON(!ext4_test_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EXTENTS));
        map.m_lblk = offset;
        map.m_len = len;
        /*
         * Don't normalize the request if it can fit in one extent so
         * that it doesn't get unnecessarily split into multiple
         * extents.
         */
        if (len <= EXT_UNWRITTEN_MAX_LEN)
                flags |= EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_NO_NORMALIZE;

        /*
         * credits to insert 1 extent into extent tree
         */
        credits = ext4_chunk_trans_blocks(inode, len);
        depth = ext_depth(inode);

retry:
        while (ret >= 0 && len) {
                /*
                 * Recalculate credits when extent tree depth changes.
                 */
                if (depth != ext_depth(inode)) {
                        credits = ext4_chunk_trans_blocks(inode, len);
                        depth = ext_depth(inode);
                }

                handle = ext4_journal_start(inode, EXT4_HT_MAP_BLOCKS,
                                            credits);
                if (IS_ERR(handle)) {
                        ret = PTR_ERR(handle);
                        break;
                }
                ret = ext4_map_blocks(handle, inode, &map, flags);
                if (ret <= 0) {
                        ext4_debug("inode #%lu: block %u: len %u: "
                                   "ext4_ext_map_blocks returned %d",
                                   inode->i_ino, map.m_lblk,
                                   map.m_len, ret);
                        ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
                        ret2 = ext4_journal_stop(handle);
                        break;
                }
                map.m_lblk += ret;
                map.m_len = len = len - ret;
                epos = (loff_t)map.m_lblk << inode->i_blkbits;
                inode->i_ctime = current_time(inode);
                if (new_size) {
                        if (epos > new_size)
                                epos = new_size;
                        if (ext4_update_inode_size(inode, epos) & 0x1)
                                inode->i_mtime = inode->i_ctime;
                } else {
                        if (epos > inode->i_size)
                                ext4_set_inode_flag(inode,
                                                    EXT4_INODE_EOFBLOCKS);
                }
                ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
                ext4_update_inode_fsync_trans(handle, inode, 1);
                ret2 = ext4_journal_stop(handle);
                if (ret2)
                        break;
        }
        if (ret == -ENOSPC &&
                        ext4_should_retry_alloc(inode->i_sb, &retries)) {
                ret = 0;
                goto retry;
        }

        return ret > 0 ? ret2 : ret;
}

static long ext4_zero_range(struct file *file, loff_t offset,
                            loff_t len, int mode)
{
        struct inode *inode = file_inode(file);
        handle_t *handle = NULL;
        unsigned int max_blocks;
        loff_t new_size = 0;
        int ret = 0;
        int flags;
        int credits;
        int partial_begin, partial_end;
        loff_t start, end;
        ext4_lblk_t lblk;
        unsigned int blkbits = inode->i_blkbits;

        trace_ext4_zero_range(inode, offset, len, mode);

        if (!S_ISREG(inode->i_mode))
                return -EINVAL;

        /* Call ext4_force_commit to flush all data in case of data=journal. */
        if (ext4_should_journal_data(inode)) {
                ret = ext4_force_commit(inode->i_sb);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;
        }

        /*
         * Round up offset. This is not fallocate, we neet to zero out
         * blocks, so convert interior block aligned part of the range to
         * unwritten and possibly manually zero out unaligned parts of the
         * range.
         */
        start = round_up(offset, 1 << blkbits);
        end = round_down((offset + len), 1 << blkbits);

        if (start < offset || end > offset + len)
                return -EINVAL;
        partial_begin = offset & ((1 << blkbits) - 1);
        partial_end = (offset + len) & ((1 << blkbits) - 1);

        lblk = start >> blkbits;
        max_blocks = (end >> blkbits);
        if (max_blocks < lblk)
                max_blocks = 0;
        else
                max_blocks -= lblk;

        inode_lock(inode);

        /*
         * Indirect files do not support unwritten extnets
         */
        if (!(ext4_test_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EXTENTS))) {
                ret = -EOPNOTSUPP;
                goto out_mutex;
        }

        if (!(mode & FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE) &&
            (offset + len > i_size_read(inode) ||
             offset + len > EXT4_I(inode)->i_disksize)) {
                new_size = offset + len;
                ret = inode_newsize_ok(inode, new_size);
                if (ret)
                        goto out_mutex;
        }

        flags = EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CREATE_UNWRIT_EXT;
        if (mode & FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE)
                flags |= EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_KEEP_SIZE;

        /* Wait all existing dio workers, newcomers will block on i_mutex */
        inode_dio_wait(inode);

        /* Preallocate the range including the unaligned edges */
        if (partial_begin || partial_end) {
                ret = ext4_alloc_file_blocks(file,
                                round_down(offset, 1 << blkbits) >> blkbits,
                                (round_up((offset + len), 1 << blkbits) -
                                 round_down(offset, 1 << blkbits)) >> blkbits,
                                new_size, flags);
                if (ret)
                        goto out_mutex;

        }

        /* Zero range excluding the unaligned edges */
        if (max_blocks > 0) {
                flags |= (EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CONVERT_UNWRITTEN |
                          EXT4_EX_NOCACHE);

                /*
                 * Prevent page faults from reinstantiating pages we have
                 * released from page cache.
                 */
                down_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_mmap_sem);

                ret = ext4_break_layouts(inode);
                if (ret) {
                        up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_mmap_sem);
                        goto out_mutex;
                }

                ret = ext4_update_disksize_before_punch(inode, offset, len);
                if (ret) {
                        up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_mmap_sem);
                        goto out_mutex;
                }
                /* Now release the pages and zero block aligned part of pages */
                truncate_pagecache_range(inode, start, end - 1);
                inode->i_mtime = inode->i_ctime = current_time(inode);

                ret = ext4_alloc_file_blocks(file, lblk, max_blocks, new_size,
                                             flags);
                up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_mmap_sem);
                if (ret)
                        goto out_mutex;
        }
        if (!partial_begin && !partial_end)
                goto out_mutex;

        /*
         * In worst case we have to writeout two nonadjacent unwritten
         * blocks and update the inode
         */
        credits = (2 * ext4_ext_index_trans_blocks(inode, 2)) + 1;
        if (ext4_should_journal_data(inode))
                credits += 2;
        handle = ext4_journal_start(inode, EXT4_HT_MISC, credits);
        if (IS_ERR(handle)) {
                ret = PTR_ERR(handle);
                ext4_std_error(inode->i_sb, ret);
                goto out_mutex;
        }

        inode->i_mtime = inode->i_ctime = current_time(inode);
        if (new_size) {
                ext4_update_inode_size(inode, new_size);
        } else {
                /*
                * Mark that we allocate beyond EOF so the subsequent truncate
                * can proceed even if the new size is the same as i_size.
                */
                if ((offset + len) > i_size_read(inode))
                        ext4_set_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EOFBLOCKS);
        }
        ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);

        /* Zero out partial block at the edges of the range */
        ret = ext4_zero_partial_blocks(handle, inode, offset, len);
        if (ret >= 0)
                ext4_update_inode_fsync_trans(handle, inode, 1);

        if (file->f_flags & O_SYNC)
                ext4_handle_sync(handle);

        ext4_journal_stop(handle);
out_mutex:
        inode_unlock(inode);
        return ret;
}

/*
 * preallocate space for a file. This implements ext4's fallocate file
 * operation, which gets called from sys_fallocate system call.
 * For block-mapped files, posix_fallocate should fall back to the method
 * of writing zeroes to the required new blocks (the same behavior which is
 * expected for file systems which do not support fallocate() system call).
 */
long ext4_fallocate(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset, loff_t len)
{
        struct inode *inode = file_inode(file);
        loff_t new_size = 0;
        unsigned int max_blocks;
        int ret = 0;
        int flags;
        ext4_lblk_t lblk;
        unsigned int blkbits = inode->i_blkbits;

        /*
         * Encrypted inodes can't handle collapse range or insert
         * range since we would need to re-encrypt blocks with a
         * different IV or XTS tweak (which are based on the logical
         * block number).
         */
        if (IS_ENCRYPTED(inode) &&
            (mode & (FALLOC_FL_COLLAPSE_RANGE | FALLOC_FL_INSERT_RANGE)))
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;

        /* Return error if mode is not supported */
        if (mode & ~(FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE | FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE |
                     FALLOC_FL_COLLAPSE_RANGE | FALLOC_FL_ZERO_RANGE |
                     FALLOC_FL_INSERT_RANGE))
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;

        if (mode & FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE)
                return ext4_punch_hole(inode, offset, len);

        ret = ext4_convert_inline_data(inode);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        if (mode & FALLOC_FL_COLLAPSE_RANGE)
                return ext4_collapse_range(inode, offset, len);

        if (mode & FALLOC_FL_INSERT_RANGE)
                return ext4_insert_range(inode, offset, len);

        if (mode & FALLOC_FL_ZERO_RANGE)
                return ext4_zero_range(file, offset, len, mode);

        trace_ext4_fallocate_enter(inode, offset, len, mode);
        lblk = offset >> blkbits;

        max_blocks = EXT4_MAX_BLOCKS(len, offset, blkbits);
        flags = EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_CREATE_UNWRIT_EXT;
        if (mode & FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE)
                flags |= EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_KEEP_SIZE;

        inode_lock(inode);

        /*
         * We only support preallocation for extent-based files only
         */
        if (!(ext4_test_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EXTENTS))) {
                ret = -EOPNOTSUPP;
                goto out;
        }

        if (!(mode & FALLOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE) &&
            (offset + len > i_size_read(inode) ||
             offset + len > EXT4_I(inode)->i_disksize)) {
                new_size = offset + len;
                ret = inode_newsize_ok(inode, new_size);
                if (ret)
                        goto out;
        }

        /* Wait all existing dio workers, newcomers will block on i_mutex */
        inode_dio_wait(inode);

        ret = ext4_alloc_file_blocks(file, lblk, max_blocks, new_size, flags);
        if (ret)
                goto out;

        if (file->f_flags & O_SYNC && EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb)->s_journal) {
                ret = jbd2_complete_transaction(EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb)->s_journal,
                                                EXT4_I(inode)->i_sync_tid);
        }
out:
        inode_unlock(inode);
        trace_ext4_fallocate_exit(inode, offset, max_blocks, ret);
        return ret;
}

/*
 * This function convert a range of blocks to written extents
 * The caller of this function will pass the start offset and the size.
 * all unwritten extents within this range will be converted to
 * written extents.
 *
 * This function is called from the direct IO end io call back
 * function, to convert the fallocated extents after IO is completed.
 * Returns 0 on success.
 */
int ext4_convert_unwritten_extents(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                                   loff_t offset, ssize_t len)
{
        unsigned int max_blocks;
        int ret = 0;
        int ret2 = 0;
        struct ext4_map_blocks map;
        unsigned int blkbits = inode->i_blkbits;
        unsigned int credits = 0;

        map.m_lblk = offset >> blkbits;
        max_blocks = EXT4_MAX_BLOCKS(len, offset, blkbits);

        if (!handle) {
                /*
                 * credits to insert 1 extent into extent tree
                 */
                credits = ext4_chunk_trans_blocks(inode, max_blocks);
        }
        while (ret >= 0 && ret < max_blocks) {
                map.m_lblk += ret;
                map.m_len = (max_blocks -= ret);
                if (credits) {
                        handle = ext4_journal_start(inode, EXT4_HT_MAP_BLOCKS,
                                                    credits);
                        if (IS_ERR(handle)) {
                                ret = PTR_ERR(handle);
                                break;
                        }
                }
                ret = ext4_map_blocks(handle, inode, &map,
                                      EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_IO_CONVERT_EXT);
                if (ret <= 0)
                        ext4_warning(inode->i_sb,
                                     "inode #%lu: block %u: len %u: "
                                     "ext4_ext_map_blocks returned %d",
                                     inode->i_ino, map.m_lblk,
                                     map.m_len, ret);
                ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
                if (credits)
                        ret2 = ext4_journal_stop(handle);
                if (ret <= 0 || ret2)
                        break;
        }
        return ret > 0 ? ret2 : ret;
}

int ext4_convert_unwritten_io_end_vec(handle_t *handle, ext4_io_end_t *io_end)
{
        int ret, err = 0;
        struct ext4_io_end_vec *io_end_vec;

        /*
         * This is somewhat ugly but the idea is clear: When transaction is
         * reserved, everything goes into it. Otherwise we rather start several
         * smaller transactions for conversion of each extent separately.
         */
        if (handle) {
                handle = ext4_journal_start_reserved(handle,
                                                     EXT4_HT_EXT_CONVERT);
                if (IS_ERR(handle))
                        return PTR_ERR(handle);
        }

        list_for_each_entry(io_end_vec, &io_end->list_vec, list) {
                ret = ext4_convert_unwritten_extents(handle, io_end->inode,
                                                     io_end_vec->offset,
                                                     io_end_vec->size);
                if (ret)
                        break;
        }

        if (handle)
                err = ext4_journal_stop(handle);

        return ret < 0 ? ret : err;
}

/*
 * If newes is not existing extent (newes->ec_pblk equals zero) find
 * delayed extent at start of newes and update newes accordingly and
 * return start of the next delayed extent.
 *
 * If newes is existing extent (newes->ec_pblk is not equal zero)
 * return start of next delayed extent or EXT_MAX_BLOCKS if no delayed
 * extent found. Leave newes unmodified.
 */
static int ext4_find_delayed_extent(struct inode *inode,
                                    struct extent_status *newes)
{
        struct extent_status es;
        ext4_lblk_t block, next_del;

        if (newes->es_pblk == 0) {
                ext4_es_find_extent_range(inode, &ext4_es_is_delayed,
                                          newes->es_lblk,
                                          newes->es_lblk + newes->es_len - 1,
                                          &es);

                /*
                 * No extent in extent-tree contains block @newes->es_pblk,
                 * then the block may stay in 1)a hole or 2)delayed-extent.
                 */
                if (es.es_len == 0)
                        /* A hole found. */
                        return 0;

                if (es.es_lblk > newes->es_lblk) {
                        /* A hole found. */
                        newes->es_len = min(es.es_lblk - newes->es_lblk,
                                            newes->es_len);
                        return 0;
                }

                newes->es_len = es.es_lblk + es.es_len - newes->es_lblk;
        }

        block = newes->es_lblk + newes->es_len;
        ext4_es_find_extent_range(inode, &ext4_es_is_delayed, block,
                                  EXT_MAX_BLOCKS, &es);
        if (es.es_len == 0)
                next_del = EXT_MAX_BLOCKS;
        else
                next_del = es.es_lblk;

        return next_del;
}

static int ext4_xattr_fiemap(struct inode *inode,
                                struct fiemap_extent_info *fieinfo)
{
        __u64 physical = 0;
        __u64 length;
        __u32 flags = FIEMAP_EXTENT_LAST;
        int blockbits = inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
        int error = 0;

        /* in-inode? */
        if (ext4_test_inode_state(inode, EXT4_STATE_XATTR)) {
                struct ext4_iloc iloc;
                int offset;     /* offset of xattr in inode */

                error = ext4_get_inode_loc(inode, &iloc);
                if (error)
                        return error;
                physical = (__u64)iloc.bh->b_blocknr << blockbits;
                offset = EXT4_GOOD_OLD_INODE_SIZE +
                                EXT4_I(inode)->i_extra_isize;
                physical += offset;
                length = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb)->s_inode_size - offset;
                flags |= FIEMAP_EXTENT_DATA_INLINE;
                brelse(iloc.bh);
        } else { /* external block */
                physical = (__u64)EXT4_I(inode)->i_file_acl << blockbits;
                length = inode->i_sb->s_blocksize;
        }

        if (physical)
                error = fiemap_fill_next_extent(fieinfo, 0, physical,
                                                length, flags);
        return (error < 0 ? error : 0);
}

static int _ext4_fiemap(struct inode *inode,
                        struct fiemap_extent_info *fieinfo,
                        __u64 start, __u64 len,
                        int (*fill)(struct inode *, ext4_lblk_t,
                                    ext4_lblk_t,
                                    struct fiemap_extent_info *))
{
        ext4_lblk_t start_blk;
        u32 ext4_fiemap_flags = FIEMAP_FLAG_SYNC|FIEMAP_FLAG_XATTR;

        int error = 0;

        if (ext4_has_inline_data(inode)) {
                int has_inline = 1;

                error = ext4_inline_data_fiemap(inode, fieinfo, &has_inline,
                                                start, len);

                if (has_inline)
                        return error;
        }

        if (fieinfo->fi_flags & FIEMAP_FLAG_CACHE) {
                error = ext4_ext_precache(inode);
                if (error)
                        return error;
                fieinfo->fi_flags &= ~FIEMAP_FLAG_CACHE;
        }

        /* fallback to generic here if not in extents fmt */
        if (!(ext4_test_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EXTENTS)) &&
            fill == ext4_fill_fiemap_extents)
                return generic_block_fiemap(inode, fieinfo, start, len,
                        ext4_get_block);

        if (fill == ext4_fill_es_cache_info)
                ext4_fiemap_flags &= FIEMAP_FLAG_XATTR;
        if (fiemap_check_flags(fieinfo, ext4_fiemap_flags))
                return -EBADR;

        if (fieinfo->fi_flags & FIEMAP_FLAG_XATTR) {
                error = ext4_xattr_fiemap(inode, fieinfo);
        } else {
                ext4_lblk_t len_blks;
                __u64 last_blk;

                start_blk = start >> inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
                last_blk = (start + len - 1) >> inode->i_sb->s_blocksize_bits;
                if (last_blk >= EXT_MAX_BLOCKS)
                        last_blk = EXT_MAX_BLOCKS-1;
                len_blks = ((ext4_lblk_t) last_blk) - start_blk + 1;

                /*
                 * Walk the extent tree gathering extent information
                 * and pushing extents back to the user.
                 */
                error = fill(inode, start_blk, len_blks, fieinfo);
        }
        return error;
}

int ext4_fiemap(struct inode *inode, struct fiemap_extent_info *fieinfo,
                __u64 start, __u64 len)
{
        return _ext4_fiemap(inode, fieinfo, start, len,
                            ext4_fill_fiemap_extents);
}

int ext4_get_es_cache(struct inode *inode, struct fiemap_extent_info *fieinfo,
                      __u64 start, __u64 len)
{
        if (ext4_has_inline_data(inode)) {
                int has_inline;

                down_read(&EXT4_I(inode)->xattr_sem);
                has_inline = ext4_has_inline_data(inode);
                up_read(&EXT4_I(inode)->xattr_sem);
                if (has_inline)
                        return 0;
        }

        return _ext4_fiemap(inode, fieinfo, start, len,
                            ext4_fill_es_cache_info);
}


/*
 * ext4_access_path:
 * Function to access the path buffer for marking it dirty.
 * It also checks if there are sufficient credits left in the journal handle
 * to update path.
 */
static int
ext4_access_path(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode,
                struct ext4_ext_path *path)
{
        int credits, err;

        if (!ext4_handle_valid(handle))
                return 0;

        /*
         * Check if need to extend journal credits
         * 3 for leaf, sb, and inode plus 2 (bmap and group
         * descriptor) for each block group; assume two block
         * groups
         */
        credits = ext4_writepage_trans_blocks(inode);
        err = ext4_datasem_ensure_credits(handle, inode, 7, credits, 0);
        if (err < 0)
                return err;

        err = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode, path);
        return err;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_shift_path_extents:
 * Shift the extents of a path structure lying between path[depth].p_ext
 * and EXT_LAST_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr), by @shift blocks. @SHIFT tells
 * if it is right shift or left shift operation.
 */
static int
ext4_ext_shift_path_extents(struct ext4_ext_path *path, ext4_lblk_t shift,
                            struct inode *inode, handle_t *handle,
                            enum SHIFT_DIRECTION SHIFT)
{
        int depth, err = 0;
        struct ext4_extent *ex_start, *ex_last;
        bool update = false;
        depth = path->p_depth;

        while (depth >= 0) {
                if (depth == path->p_depth) {
                        ex_start = path[depth].p_ext;
                        if (!ex_start)
                                return -EFSCORRUPTED;

                        ex_last = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr);

                        err = ext4_access_path(handle, inode, path + depth);
                        if (err)
                                goto out;

                        if (ex_start == EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr))
                                update = true;

                        while (ex_start <= ex_last) {
                                if (SHIFT == SHIFT_LEFT) {
                                        le32_add_cpu(&ex_start->ee_block,
                                                -shift);
                                        /* Try to merge to the left. */
                                        if ((ex_start >
                                            EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr))
                                            &&
                                            ext4_ext_try_to_merge_right(inode,
                                            path, ex_start - 1))
                                                ex_last--;
                                        else
                                                ex_start++;
                                } else {
                                        le32_add_cpu(&ex_last->ee_block, shift);
                                        ext4_ext_try_to_merge_right(inode, path,
                                                ex_last);
                                        ex_last--;
                                }
                        }
                        err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
                        if (err)
                                goto out;

                        if (--depth < 0 || !update)
                                break;
                }

                /* Update index too */
                err = ext4_access_path(handle, inode, path + depth);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                if (SHIFT == SHIFT_LEFT)
                        le32_add_cpu(&path[depth].p_idx->ei_block, -shift);
                else
                        le32_add_cpu(&path[depth].p_idx->ei_block, shift);
                err = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode, path + depth);
                if (err)
                        goto out;

                /* we are done if current index is not a starting index */
                if (path[depth].p_idx != EXT_FIRST_INDEX(path[depth].p_hdr))
                        break;

                depth--;
        }

out:
        return err;
}

/*
 * ext4_ext_shift_extents:
 * All the extents which lies in the range from @start to the last allocated
 * block for the @inode are shifted either towards left or right (depending
 * upon @SHIFT) by @shift blocks.
 * On success, 0 is returned, error otherwise.
 */
static int
ext4_ext_shift_extents(struct inode *inode, handle_t *handle,
                       ext4_lblk_t start, ext4_lblk_t shift,
                       enum SHIFT_DIRECTION SHIFT)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *path;
        int ret = 0, depth;
        struct ext4_extent *extent;
        ext4_lblk_t stop, *iterator, ex_start, ex_end;

        /* Let path point to the last extent */
        path = ext4_find_extent(inode, EXT_MAX_BLOCKS - 1, NULL,
                                EXT4_EX_NOCACHE);
        if (IS_ERR(path))
                return PTR_ERR(path);

        depth = path->p_depth;
        extent = path[depth].p_ext;
        if (!extent)
                goto out;

        stop = le32_to_cpu(extent->ee_block);

       /*
        * For left shifts, make sure the hole on the left is big enough to
        * accommodate the shift.  For right shifts, make sure the last extent
        * won't be shifted beyond EXT_MAX_BLOCKS.
        */
        if (SHIFT == SHIFT_LEFT) {
                path = ext4_find_extent(inode, start - 1, &path,
                                        EXT4_EX_NOCACHE);
                if (IS_ERR(path))
                        return PTR_ERR(path);
                depth = path->p_depth;
                extent =  path[depth].p_ext;
                if (extent) {
                        ex_start = le32_to_cpu(extent->ee_block);
                        ex_end = le32_to_cpu(extent->ee_block) +
                                ext4_ext_get_actual_len(extent);
                } else {
                        ex_start = 0;
                        ex_end = 0;
                }

                if ((start == ex_start && shift > ex_start) ||
                    (shift > start - ex_end)) {
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto out;
                }
        } else {
                if (shift > EXT_MAX_BLOCKS -
                    (stop + ext4_ext_get_actual_len(extent))) {
                        ret = -EINVAL;
                        goto out;
                }
        }

        /*
         * In case of left shift, iterator points to start and it is increased
         * till we reach stop. In case of right shift, iterator points to stop
         * and it is decreased till we reach start.
         */
        if (SHIFT == SHIFT_LEFT)
                iterator = &start;
        else
                iterator = &stop;

        /*
         * Its safe to start updating extents.  Start and stop are unsigned, so
         * in case of right shift if extent with 0 block is reached, iterator
         * becomes NULL to indicate the end of the loop.
         */
        while (iterator && start <= stop) {
                path = ext4_find_extent(inode, *iterator, &path,
                                        EXT4_EX_NOCACHE);
                if (IS_ERR(path))
                        return PTR_ERR(path);
                depth = path->p_depth;
                extent = path[depth].p_ext;
                if (!extent) {
                        EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode, "unexpected hole at %lu",
                                         (unsigned long) *iterator);
                        return -EFSCORRUPTED;
                }
                if (SHIFT == SHIFT_LEFT && *iterator >
                    le32_to_cpu(extent->ee_block)) {
                        /* Hole, move to the next extent */
                        if (extent < EXT_LAST_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr)) {
                                path[depth].p_ext++;
                        } else {
                                *iterator = ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(path);
                                continue;
                        }
                }

                if (SHIFT == SHIFT_LEFT) {
                        extent = EXT_LAST_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr);
                        *iterator = le32_to_cpu(extent->ee_block) +
                                        ext4_ext_get_actual_len(extent);
                } else {
                        extent = EXT_FIRST_EXTENT(path[depth].p_hdr);
                        if (le32_to_cpu(extent->ee_block) > 0)
                                *iterator = le32_to_cpu(extent->ee_block) - 1;
                        else
                                /* Beginning is reached, end of the loop */
                                iterator = NULL;
                        /* Update path extent in case we need to stop */
                        while (le32_to_cpu(extent->ee_block) < start)
                                extent++;
                        path[depth].p_ext = extent;
                }
                ret = ext4_ext_shift_path_extents(path, shift, inode,
                                handle, SHIFT);
                if (ret)
                        break;
        }
out:
        ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
        kfree(path);
        return ret;
}

/*
 * ext4_collapse_range:
 * This implements the fallocate's collapse range functionality for ext4
 * Returns: 0 and non-zero on error.
 */
int ext4_collapse_range(struct inode *inode, loff_t offset, loff_t len)
{
        struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
        ext4_lblk_t punch_start, punch_stop;
        handle_t *handle;
        unsigned int credits;
        loff_t new_size, ioffset;
        int ret;

        /*
         * We need to test this early because xfstests assumes that a
         * collapse range of (0, 1) will return EOPNOTSUPP if the file
         * system does not support collapse range.
         */
        if (!ext4_test_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EXTENTS))
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;

        /* Collapse range works only on fs block size aligned offsets. */
        if (offset & (EXT4_CLUSTER_SIZE(sb) - 1) ||
            len & (EXT4_CLUSTER_SIZE(sb) - 1))
                return -EINVAL;

        if (!S_ISREG(inode->i_mode))
                return -EINVAL;

        trace_ext4_collapse_range(inode, offset, len);

        punch_start = offset >> EXT4_BLOCK_SIZE_BITS(sb);
        punch_stop = (offset + len) >> EXT4_BLOCK_SIZE_BITS(sb);

        /* Call ext4_force_commit to flush all data in case of data=journal. */
        if (ext4_should_journal_data(inode)) {
                ret = ext4_force_commit(inode->i_sb);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;
        }

        inode_lock(inode);
        /*
         * There is no need to overlap collapse range with EOF, in which case
         * it is effectively a truncate operation
         */
        if (offset + len >= i_size_read(inode)) {
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto out_mutex;
        }

        /* Currently just for extent based files */
        if (!ext4_test_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EXTENTS)) {
                ret = -EOPNOTSUPP;
                goto out_mutex;
        }

        /* Wait for existing dio to complete */
        inode_dio_wait(inode);

        /*
         * Prevent page faults from reinstantiating pages we have released from
         * page cache.
         */
        down_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_mmap_sem);

        ret = ext4_break_layouts(inode);
        if (ret)
                goto out_mmap;

        /*
         * Need to round down offset to be aligned with page size boundary
         * for page size > block size.
         */
        ioffset = round_down(offset, PAGE_SIZE);
        /*
         * Write tail of the last page before removed range since it will get
         * removed from the page cache below.
         */
        ret = filemap_write_and_wait_range(inode->i_mapping, ioffset, offset);
        if (ret)
                goto out_mmap;
        /*
         * Write data that will be shifted to preserve them when discarding
         * page cache below. We are also protected from pages becoming dirty
         * by i_mmap_sem.
         */
        ret = filemap_write_and_wait_range(inode->i_mapping, offset + len,
                                           LLONG_MAX);
        if (ret)
                goto out_mmap;
        truncate_pagecache(inode, ioffset);

        credits = ext4_writepage_trans_blocks(inode);
        handle = ext4_journal_start(inode, EXT4_HT_TRUNCATE, credits);
        if (IS_ERR(handle)) {
                ret = PTR_ERR(handle);
                goto out_mmap;
        }

        down_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
        ext4_discard_preallocations(inode);

        ret = ext4_es_remove_extent(inode, punch_start,
                                    EXT_MAX_BLOCKS - punch_start);
        if (ret) {
                up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
                goto out_stop;
        }

        ret = ext4_ext_remove_space(inode, punch_start, punch_stop - 1);
        if (ret) {
                up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
                goto out_stop;
        }
        ext4_discard_preallocations(inode);

        ret = ext4_ext_shift_extents(inode, handle, punch_stop,
                                     punch_stop - punch_start, SHIFT_LEFT);
        if (ret) {
                up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
                goto out_stop;
        }

        new_size = i_size_read(inode) - len;
        i_size_write(inode, new_size);
        EXT4_I(inode)->i_disksize = new_size;

        up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
        if (IS_SYNC(inode))
                ext4_handle_sync(handle);
        inode->i_mtime = inode->i_ctime = current_time(inode);
        ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
        ext4_update_inode_fsync_trans(handle, inode, 1);

out_stop:
        ext4_journal_stop(handle);
out_mmap:
        up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_mmap_sem);
out_mutex:
        inode_unlock(inode);
        return ret;
}

/*
 * ext4_insert_range:
 * This function implements the FALLOC_FL_INSERT_RANGE flag of fallocate.
 * The data blocks starting from @offset to the EOF are shifted by @len
 * towards right to create a hole in the @inode. Inode size is increased
 * by len bytes.
 * Returns 0 on success, error otherwise.
 */
int ext4_insert_range(struct inode *inode, loff_t offset, loff_t len)
{
        struct super_block *sb = inode->i_sb;
        handle_t *handle;
        struct ext4_ext_path *path;
        struct ext4_extent *extent;
        ext4_lblk_t offset_lblk, len_lblk, ee_start_lblk = 0;
        unsigned int credits, ee_len;
        int ret = 0, depth, split_flag = 0;
        loff_t ioffset;

        /*
         * We need to test this early because xfstests assumes that an
         * insert range of (0, 1) will return EOPNOTSUPP if the file
         * system does not support insert range.
         */
        if (!ext4_test_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EXTENTS))
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;

        /* Insert range works only on fs block size aligned offsets. */
        if (offset & (EXT4_CLUSTER_SIZE(sb) - 1) ||
                        len & (EXT4_CLUSTER_SIZE(sb) - 1))
                return -EINVAL;

        if (!S_ISREG(inode->i_mode))
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;

        trace_ext4_insert_range(inode, offset, len);

        offset_lblk = offset >> EXT4_BLOCK_SIZE_BITS(sb);
        len_lblk = len >> EXT4_BLOCK_SIZE_BITS(sb);

        /* Call ext4_force_commit to flush all data in case of data=journal */
        if (ext4_should_journal_data(inode)) {
                ret = ext4_force_commit(inode->i_sb);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;
        }

        inode_lock(inode);
        /* Currently just for extent based files */
        if (!ext4_test_inode_flag(inode, EXT4_INODE_EXTENTS)) {
                ret = -EOPNOTSUPP;
                goto out_mutex;
        }

        /* Check for wrap through zero */
        if (inode->i_size + len > inode->i_sb->s_maxbytes) {
                ret = -EFBIG;
                goto out_mutex;
        }

        /* Offset should be less than i_size */
        if (offset >= i_size_read(inode)) {
                ret = -EINVAL;
                goto out_mutex;
        }

        /* Wait for existing dio to complete */
        inode_dio_wait(inode);

        /*
         * Prevent page faults from reinstantiating pages we have released from
         * page cache.
         */
        down_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_mmap_sem);

        ret = ext4_break_layouts(inode);
        if (ret)
                goto out_mmap;

        /*
         * Need to round down to align start offset to page size boundary
         * for page size > block size.
         */
        ioffset = round_down(offset, PAGE_SIZE);
        /* Write out all dirty pages */
        ret = filemap_write_and_wait_range(inode->i_mapping, ioffset,
                        LLONG_MAX);
        if (ret)
                goto out_mmap;
        truncate_pagecache(inode, ioffset);

        credits = ext4_writepage_trans_blocks(inode);
        handle = ext4_journal_start(inode, EXT4_HT_TRUNCATE, credits);
        if (IS_ERR(handle)) {
                ret = PTR_ERR(handle);
                goto out_mmap;
        }

        /* Expand file to avoid data loss if there is error while shifting */
        inode->i_size += len;
        EXT4_I(inode)->i_disksize += len;
        inode->i_mtime = inode->i_ctime = current_time(inode);
        ret = ext4_mark_inode_dirty(handle, inode);
        if (ret)
                goto out_stop;

        down_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
        ext4_discard_preallocations(inode);

        path = ext4_find_extent(inode, offset_lblk, NULL, 0);
        if (IS_ERR(path)) {
                up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
                goto out_stop;
        }

        depth = ext_depth(inode);
        extent = path[depth].p_ext;
        if (extent) {
                ee_start_lblk = le32_to_cpu(extent->ee_block);
                ee_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(extent);

                /*
                 * If offset_lblk is not the starting block of extent, split
                 * the extent @offset_lblk
                 */
                if ((offset_lblk > ee_start_lblk) &&
                                (offset_lblk < (ee_start_lblk + ee_len))) {
                        if (ext4_ext_is_unwritten(extent))
                                split_flag = EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT1 |
                                        EXT4_EXT_MARK_UNWRIT2;
                        ret = ext4_split_extent_at(handle, inode, &path,
                                        offset_lblk, split_flag,
                                        EXT4_EX_NOCACHE |
                                        EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_PRE_IO |
                                        EXT4_GET_BLOCKS_METADATA_NOFAIL);
                }

                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
                kfree(path);
                if (ret < 0) {
                        up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
                        goto out_stop;
                }
        } else {
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
                kfree(path);
        }

        ret = ext4_es_remove_extent(inode, offset_lblk,
                        EXT_MAX_BLOCKS - offset_lblk);
        if (ret) {
                up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
                goto out_stop;
        }

        /*
         * if offset_lblk lies in a hole which is at start of file, use
         * ee_start_lblk to shift extents
         */
        ret = ext4_ext_shift_extents(inode, handle,
                ee_start_lblk > offset_lblk ? ee_start_lblk : offset_lblk,
                len_lblk, SHIFT_RIGHT);

        up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_data_sem);
        if (IS_SYNC(inode))
                ext4_handle_sync(handle);
        if (ret >= 0)
                ext4_update_inode_fsync_trans(handle, inode, 1);

out_stop:
        ext4_journal_stop(handle);
out_mmap:
        up_write(&EXT4_I(inode)->i_mmap_sem);
out_mutex:
        inode_unlock(inode);
        return ret;
}

/**
 * ext4_swap_extents() - Swap extents between two inodes
 * @handle: handle for this transaction
 * @inode1:     First inode
 * @inode2:     Second inode
 * @lblk1:      Start block for first inode
 * @lblk2:      Start block for second inode
 * @count:      Number of blocks to swap
 * @unwritten: Mark second inode's extents as unwritten after swap
 * @erp:        Pointer to save error value
 *
 * This helper routine does exactly what is promise "swap extents". All other
 * stuff such as page-cache locking consistency, bh mapping consistency or
 * extent's data copying must be performed by caller.
 * Locking:
 *              i_mutex is held for both inodes
 *              i_data_sem is locked for write for both inodes
 * Assumptions:
 *              All pages from requested range are locked for both inodes
 */
int
ext4_swap_extents(handle_t *handle, struct inode *inode1,
                  struct inode *inode2, ext4_lblk_t lblk1, ext4_lblk_t lblk2,
                  ext4_lblk_t count, int unwritten, int *erp)
{
        struct ext4_ext_path *path1 = NULL;
        struct ext4_ext_path *path2 = NULL;
        int replaced_count = 0;

        BUG_ON(!rwsem_is_locked(&EXT4_I(inode1)->i_data_sem));
        BUG_ON(!rwsem_is_locked(&EXT4_I(inode2)->i_data_sem));
        BUG_ON(!inode_is_locked(inode1));
        BUG_ON(!inode_is_locked(inode2));

        *erp = ext4_es_remove_extent(inode1, lblk1, count);
        if (unlikely(*erp))
                return 0;
        *erp = ext4_es_remove_extent(inode2, lblk2, count);
        if (unlikely(*erp))
                return 0;

        while (count) {
                struct ext4_extent *ex1, *ex2, tmp_ex;
                ext4_lblk_t e1_blk, e2_blk;
                int e1_len, e2_len, len;
                int split = 0;

                path1 = ext4_find_extent(inode1, lblk1, NULL, EXT4_EX_NOCACHE);
                if (IS_ERR(path1)) {
                        *erp = PTR_ERR(path1);
                        path1 = NULL;
                finish:
                        count = 0;
                        goto repeat;
                }
                path2 = ext4_find_extent(inode2, lblk2, NULL, EXT4_EX_NOCACHE);
                if (IS_ERR(path2)) {
                        *erp = PTR_ERR(path2);
                        path2 = NULL;
                        goto finish;
                }
                ex1 = path1[path1->p_depth].p_ext;
                ex2 = path2[path2->p_depth].p_ext;
                /* Do we have somthing to swap ? */
                if (unlikely(!ex2 || !ex1))
                        goto finish;

                e1_blk = le32_to_cpu(ex1->ee_block);
                e2_blk = le32_to_cpu(ex2->ee_block);
                e1_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex1);
                e2_len = ext4_ext_get_actual_len(ex2);

                /* Hole handling */
                if (!in_range(lblk1, e1_blk, e1_len) ||
                    !in_range(lblk2, e2_blk, e2_len)) {
                        ext4_lblk_t next1, next2;

                        /* if hole after extent, then go to next extent */
                        next1 = ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(path1);
                        next2 = ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(path2);
                        /* If hole before extent, then shift to that extent */
                        if (e1_blk > lblk1)
                                next1 = e1_blk;
                        if (e2_blk > lblk2)
                                next2 = e2_blk;
                        /* Do we have something to swap */
                        if (next1 == EXT_MAX_BLOCKS || next2 == EXT_MAX_BLOCKS)
                                goto finish;
                        /* Move to the rightest boundary */
                        len = next1 - lblk1;
                        if (len < next2 - lblk2)
                                len = next2 - lblk2;
                        if (len > count)
                                len = count;
                        lblk1 += len;
                        lblk2 += len;
                        count -= len;
                        goto repeat;
                }

                /* Prepare left boundary */
                if (e1_blk < lblk1) {
                        split = 1;
                        *erp = ext4_force_split_extent_at(handle, inode1,
                                                &path1, lblk1, 0);
                        if (unlikely(*erp))
                                goto finish;
                }
                if (e2_blk < lblk2) {
                        split = 1;
                        *erp = ext4_force_split_extent_at(handle, inode2,
                                                &path2,  lblk2, 0);
                        if (unlikely(*erp))
                                goto finish;
                }
                /* ext4_split_extent_at() may result in leaf extent split,
                 * path must to be revalidated. */
                if (split)
                        goto repeat;

                /* Prepare right boundary */
                len = count;
                if (len > e1_blk + e1_len - lblk1)
                        len = e1_blk + e1_len - lblk1;
                if (len > e2_blk + e2_len - lblk2)
                        len = e2_blk + e2_len - lblk2;

                if (len != e1_len) {
                        split = 1;
                        *erp = ext4_force_split_extent_at(handle, inode1,
                                                &path1, lblk1 + len, 0);
                        if (unlikely(*erp))
                                goto finish;
                }
                if (len != e2_len) {
                        split = 1;
                        *erp = ext4_force_split_extent_at(handle, inode2,
                                                &path2, lblk2 + len, 0);
                        if (*erp)
                                goto finish;
                }
                /* ext4_split_extent_at() may result in leaf extent split,
                 * path must to be revalidated. */
                if (split)
                        goto repeat;

                BUG_ON(e2_len != e1_len);
                *erp = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode1, path1 + path1->p_depth);
                if (unlikely(*erp))
                        goto finish;
                *erp = ext4_ext_get_access(handle, inode2, path2 + path2->p_depth);
                if (unlikely(*erp))
                        goto finish;

                /* Both extents are fully inside boundaries. Swap it now */
                tmp_ex = *ex1;
                ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex1, ext4_ext_pblock(ex2));
                ext4_ext_store_pblock(ex2, ext4_ext_pblock(&tmp_ex));
                ex1->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(e2_len);
                ex2->ee_len = cpu_to_le16(e1_len);
                if (unwritten)
                        ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex2);
                if (ext4_ext_is_unwritten(&tmp_ex))
                        ext4_ext_mark_unwritten(ex1);

                ext4_ext_try_to_merge(handle, inode2, path2, ex2);
                ext4_ext_try_to_merge(handle, inode1, path1, ex1);
                *erp = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode2, path2 +
                                      path2->p_depth);
                if (unlikely(*erp))
                        goto finish;
                *erp = ext4_ext_dirty(handle, inode1, path1 +
                                      path1->p_depth);
                /*
                 * Looks scarry ah..? second inode already points to new blocks,
                 * and it was successfully dirtied. But luckily error may happen
                 * only due to journal error, so full transaction will be
                 * aborted anyway.
                 */
                if (unlikely(*erp))
                        goto finish;
                lblk1 += len;
                lblk2 += len;
                replaced_count += len;
                count -= len;

        repeat:
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path1);
                kfree(path1);
                ext4_ext_drop_refs(path2);
                kfree(path2);
                path1 = path2 = NULL;
        }
        return replaced_count;
}

/*
 * ext4_clu_mapped - determine whether any block in a logical cluster has
 *                   been mapped to a physical cluster
 *
 * @inode - file containing the logical cluster
 * @lclu - logical cluster of interest
 *
 * Returns 1 if any block in the logical cluster is mapped, signifying
 * that a physical cluster has been allocated for it.  Otherwise,
 * returns 0.  Can also return negative error codes.  Derived from
 * ext4_ext_map_blocks().
 */
int ext4_clu_mapped(struct inode *inode, ext4_lblk_t lclu)
{
        struct ext4_sb_info *sbi = EXT4_SB(inode->i_sb);
        struct ext4_ext_path *path;
        int depth, mapped = 0, err = 0;
        struct ext4_extent *extent;
        ext4_lblk_t first_lblk, first_lclu, last_lclu;

        /* search for the extent closest to the first block in the cluster */
        path = ext4_find_extent(inode, EXT4_C2B(sbi, lclu), NULL, 0);
        if (IS_ERR(path)) {
                err = PTR_ERR(path);
                path = NULL;
                goto out;
        }

        depth = ext_depth(inode);

        /*
         * A consistent leaf must not be empty.  This situation is possible,
         * though, _during_ tree modification, and it's why an assert can't
         * be put in ext4_find_extent().
         */
        if (unlikely(path[depth].p_ext == NULL && depth != 0)) {
                EXT4_ERROR_INODE(inode,
                    "bad extent address - lblock: %lu, depth: %d, pblock: %lld",
                                 (unsigned long) EXT4_C2B(sbi, lclu),
                                 depth, path[depth].p_block);
                err = -EFSCORRUPTED;
                goto out;
        }

        extent = path[depth].p_ext;

        /* can't be mapped if the extent tree is empty */
        if (extent == NULL)
                goto out;

        first_lblk = le32_to_cpu(extent->ee_block);
        first_lclu = EXT4_B2C(sbi, first_lblk);

        /*
         * Three possible outcomes at this point - found extent spanning
         * the target cluster, to the left of the target cluster, or to the
         * right of the target cluster.  The first two cases are handled here.
         * The last case indicates the target cluster is not mapped.
         */
        if (lclu >= first_lclu) {
                last_lclu = EXT4_B2C(sbi, first_lblk +
                                     ext4_ext_get_actual_len(extent) - 1);
                if (lclu <= last_lclu) {
                        mapped = 1;
                } else {
                        first_lblk = ext4_ext_next_allocated_block(path);
                        first_lclu = EXT4_B2C(sbi, first_lblk);
                        if (lclu == first_lclu)
                                mapped = 1;
                }
        }

out:
        ext4_ext_drop_refs(path);
        kfree(path);

        return err ? err : mapped;
}