3 # Copyright (c) 2006 Johannes E. Schindelin
7 # This script makes it easy to fix up commits in the middle of a series,
8 # and rearrange commits.
10 # The original idea comes from Eric W. Biederman, in
11 # http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.version-control.git/22407
15 git-rebase [-i] [options] [--] <upstream> [<branch>]
16 git-rebase [-i] (--continue | --abort | --skip)
19 v,verbose display a diffstat of what changed upstream
20 onto= rebase onto given branch instead of upstream
21 p,preserve-merges try to recreate merges instead of ignoring them
22 s,strategy= use the given merge strategy
23 m,merge always used (no-op)
24 i,interactive always used (no-op)
26 continue continue rebasing process
27 abort abort rebasing process and restore original branch
28 skip skip current patch and continue rebasing process
29 no-verify override pre-rebase hook from stopping the operation
30 root rebase all reachable commmits up to the root(s)
36 DOTEST="$GIT_DIR/rebase-merge"
38 # The file containing rebase commands, comments, and empty lines.
39 # This file is created by "git rebase -i" then edited by the user. As
40 # the lines are processed, they are removed from the front of this
41 # file and written to the tail of $DONE.
42 TODO="$DOTEST"/git-rebase-todo
44 # The rebase command lines that have already been processed. A line
45 # is moved here when it is first handled, before any associated user
49 # The commit message that is planned to be used for any changes that
50 # need to be committed following a user interaction.
53 # The file into which is accumulated the suggested commit message for
54 # squash/fixup commands. When the first of a series of squash/fixups
55 # is seen, the file is created and the commit message from the
56 # previous commit and from the first squash/fixup commit are written
57 # to it. The commit message for each subsequent squash/fixup commit
58 # is appended to the file as it is processed.
60 # The first line of the file is of the form
61 # # This is a combination of $COUNT commits.
62 # where $COUNT is the number of commits whose messages have been
63 # written to the file so far (including the initial "pick" commit).
64 # Each time that a commit message is processed, this line is read and
65 # updated. It is deleted just before the combined commit is made.
66 SQUASH_MSG="$DOTEST"/message-squash
68 # $REWRITTEN is the name of a directory containing files for each
69 # commit that is reachable by at least one merge base of $HEAD and
70 # $UPSTREAM. They are not necessarily rewritten, but their children
71 # might be. This ensures that commits on merged, but otherwise
72 # unrelated side branches are left alone. (Think "X" in the man page's
74 REWRITTEN="$DOTEST"/rewritten
76 DROPPED="$DOTEST"/dropped
78 # A script to set the GIT_AUTHOR_NAME, GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL, and
79 # GIT_AUTHOR_DATE that will be used for the commit that is currently
81 AUTHOR_SCRIPT="$DOTEST"/author-script
83 # When an "edit" rebase command is being processed, the SHA1 of the
84 # commit to be edited is recorded in this file. When "git rebase
85 # --continue" is executed, if there are any staged changes then they
86 # will be amended to the HEAD commit, but only provided the HEAD
87 # commit is still the commit to be edited. When any other rebase
88 # command is processed, this file is deleted.
95 OK_TO_SKIP_PRE_REBASE=
98 GIT_CHERRY_PICK_HELP=" After resolving the conflicts,
99 mark the corrected paths with 'git add <paths>', and
100 run 'git rebase --continue'"
101 export GIT_CHERRY_PICK_HELP
112 test $status != 0 && printf "%s\n" "$output"
121 # Output the commit message for the specified commit.
123 git cat-file commit "$1" | sed "1,/^$/d"
126 run_pre_rebase_hook () {
127 if test -z "$OK_TO_SKIP_PRE_REBASE" &&
128 test -x "$GIT_DIR/hooks/pre-rebase"
130 "$GIT_DIR/hooks/pre-rebase" ${1+"$@"} || {
131 echo >&2 "The pre-rebase hook refused to rebase."
137 require_clean_work_tree () {
138 # test if working tree is dirty
139 git rev-parse --verify HEAD > /dev/null &&
140 git update-index --ignore-submodules --refresh &&
141 git diff-files --quiet --ignore-submodules &&
142 git diff-index --cached --quiet HEAD --ignore-submodules -- ||
143 die "Working tree is dirty"
146 ORIG_REFLOG_ACTION="$GIT_REFLOG_ACTION"
148 comment_for_reflog () {
149 case "$ORIG_REFLOG_ACTION" in
151 GIT_REFLOG_ACTION="rebase -i ($1)"
152 export GIT_REFLOG_ACTION
158 mark_action_done () {
159 sed -e 1q < "$TODO" >> "$DONE"
160 sed -e 1d < "$TODO" >> "$TODO".new
161 mv -f "$TODO".new "$TODO"
162 count=$(sane_grep -c '^[^#]' < "$DONE")
163 total=$(($count+$(sane_grep -c '^[^#]' < "$TODO")))
164 if test "$last_count" != "$count"
167 printf "Rebasing (%d/%d)\r" $count $total
168 test -z "$VERBOSE" || echo
173 sha1_and_parents="$(git rev-list --parents -1 "$1")"
174 case "$sha1_and_parents" in
176 git diff --cc $sha1_and_parents
179 git diff-tree -p "$1^!"
184 esac > "$DOTEST"/patch
186 commit_message "$1" > "$MSG"
187 test -f "$AUTHOR_SCRIPT" ||
188 get_author_ident_from_commit "$1" > "$AUTHOR_SCRIPT"
203 sane_grep '^[^#]' "$1" >/dev/null
206 # Run command with GIT_AUTHOR_NAME, GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL, and
207 # GIT_AUTHOR_DATE exported from the current environment.
209 GIT_AUTHOR_NAME="$GIT_AUTHOR_NAME" \
210 GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL="$GIT_AUTHOR_EMAIL" \
211 GIT_AUTHOR_DATE="$GIT_AUTHOR_DATE" \
217 case "$1" in -n) sha1=$2; no_ff=t ;; *) sha1=$1 ;; esac
218 output git rev-parse --verify $sha1 || die "Invalid commit name: $sha1"
219 test -d "$REWRITTEN" &&
220 pick_one_preserving_merges "$@" && return
221 if test -n "$REBASE_ROOT"
223 output git cherry-pick "$@"
226 parent_sha1=$(git rev-parse --verify $sha1^) ||
227 die "Could not get the parent of $sha1"
228 current_sha1=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD)
229 if test -z "$no_ff" -a "$current_sha1" = "$parent_sha1"
231 output git reset --hard $sha1
232 output warn Fast-forward to $(git rev-parse --short $sha1)
234 output git cherry-pick "$@"
238 pick_one_preserving_merges () {
249 sha1=$(git rev-parse $sha1)
251 if test -f "$DOTEST"/current-commit
253 if test "$fast_forward" = t
255 cat "$DOTEST"/current-commit | while read current_commit
257 git rev-parse HEAD > "$REWRITTEN"/$current_commit
259 rm "$DOTEST"/current-commit ||
260 die "Cannot write current commit's replacement sha1"
264 echo $sha1 >> "$DOTEST"/current-commit
266 # rewrite parents; if none were rewritten, we can fast-forward.
268 pend=" $(git rev-list --parents -1 $sha1 | cut -d' ' -s -f2-)"
269 if test "$pend" = " "
273 while [ "$pend" != "" ]
275 p=$(expr "$pend" : ' \([^ ]*\)')
278 if test -f "$REWRITTEN"/$p
280 new_p=$(cat "$REWRITTEN"/$p)
282 # If the todo reordered commits, and our parent is marked for
283 # rewriting, but hasn't been gotten to yet, assume the user meant to
284 # drop it on top of the current HEAD
287 new_p=$(git rev-parse HEAD)
290 test $p != $new_p && fast_forward=f
291 case "$new_parents" in
293 ;; # do nothing; that parent is already there
295 new_parents="$new_parents $new_p"
299 if test -f "$DROPPED"/$p
302 replacement="$(cat "$DROPPED"/$p)"
303 test -z "$replacement" && replacement=root
304 pend=" $replacement$pend"
306 new_parents="$new_parents $p"
310 case $fast_forward in
312 output warn "Fast-forward to $sha1"
313 output git reset --hard $sha1 ||
314 die "Cannot fast-forward to $sha1"
317 first_parent=$(expr "$new_parents" : ' \([^ ]*\)')
321 # detach HEAD to current parent
322 output git checkout $first_parent 2> /dev/null ||
323 die "Cannot move HEAD to $first_parent"
326 case "$new_parents" in
328 test "a$1" = a-n && die "Refusing to squash a merge: $sha1"
331 author_script=$(get_author_ident_from_commit $sha1)
332 eval "$author_script"
333 msg="$(commit_message $sha1)"
334 # No point in merging the first parent, that's HEAD
335 new_parents=${new_parents# $first_parent}
336 if ! do_with_author output \
337 git merge $STRATEGY -m "$msg" $new_parents
339 printf "%s\n" "$msg" > "$GIT_DIR"/MERGE_MSG
340 die_with_patch $sha1 "Error redoing merge $sha1"
344 output git cherry-pick "$@" ||
345 die_with_patch $sha1 "Could not pick $sha1"
354 *1[0-9]|*[04-9]) echo "$1"th;;
361 make_squash_message () {
362 if test -f "$SQUASH_MSG"; then
364 -e "1s/^# This is a combination of \(.*\) commits\./\1/p" \
365 -e "q" < "$SQUASH_MSG")+1))
366 echo "# This is a combination of $COUNT commits."
367 sed -e 1d -e '2,/^./{
372 echo "# This is a combination of 2 commits."
373 echo "# The first commit's message is:"
380 echo "# This is the $(nth_string $COUNT) commit message:"
386 echo "# The $(nth_string $COUNT) commit message will be skipped:"
388 commit_message $2 | sed -e 's/^/# /'
393 peek_next_command () {
394 sed -n -e "/^#/d" -e "/^$/d" -e "s/ .*//p" -e "q" < "$TODO"
398 rm -f "$MSG" "$AUTHOR_SCRIPT" "$AMEND" || exit
399 read command sha1 rest < "$TODO"
405 comment_for_reflog pick
409 die_with_patch $sha1 "Could not apply $sha1... $rest"
412 comment_for_reflog reword
416 die_with_patch $sha1 "Could not apply $sha1... $rest"
420 comment_for_reflog edit
424 die_with_patch $sha1 "Could not apply $sha1... $rest"
426 git rev-parse --verify HEAD > "$AMEND"
427 warn "Stopped at $sha1... $rest"
428 warn "You can amend the commit now, with"
430 warn " git commit --amend"
432 warn "Once you are satisfied with your changes, run"
434 warn " git rebase --continue"
447 comment_for_reflog $squash_style
449 test -f "$DONE" && has_action "$DONE" ||
450 die "Cannot '$squash_style' without a previous commit"
453 make_squash_message $squash_style $sha1 > "$MSG"
455 author_script=$(get_author_ident_from_commit HEAD)
456 echo "$author_script" > "$AUTHOR_SCRIPT"
457 eval "$author_script"
458 output git reset --soft HEAD^
459 pick_one -n $sha1 || failed=t
460 case "$(peek_next_command)" in
465 cp "$MSG" "$SQUASH_MSG"
471 rm -f "$SQUASH_MSG" || exit
472 cp "$MSG" "$GIT_DIR"/SQUASH_MSG
473 rm -f "$GIT_DIR"/MERGE_MSG || exit
478 # This is like --amend, but with a different message
479 do_with_author $USE_OUTPUT git commit --no-verify \
480 $MSG_OPT "$EDIT_OR_FILE" ||
485 cp "$MSG" "$GIT_DIR"/MERGE_MSG
487 warn "Could not apply $sha1... $rest"
488 die_with_patch $sha1 ""
492 warn "Unknown command: $command $sha1 $rest"
493 if git rev-parse --verify -q "$sha1" >/dev/null
495 die_with_patch $sha1 "Please fix this in the file $TODO."
497 die "Please fix this in the file $TODO."
501 test -s "$TODO" && return
503 comment_for_reflog finish &&
504 HEADNAME=$(cat "$DOTEST"/head-name) &&
505 OLDHEAD=$(cat "$DOTEST"/head) &&
506 SHORTONTO=$(git rev-parse --short $(cat "$DOTEST"/onto)) &&
507 NEWHEAD=$(git rev-parse HEAD) &&
510 message="$GIT_REFLOG_ACTION: $HEADNAME onto $SHORTONTO" &&
511 git update-ref -m "$message" $HEADNAME $NEWHEAD $OLDHEAD &&
512 git symbolic-ref HEAD $HEADNAME
515 test ! -f "$DOTEST"/verbose ||
516 git diff-tree --stat $(cat "$DOTEST"/head)..HEAD
520 warn "Successfully rebased and updated $HEADNAME."
532 # skip picking commits whose parents are unchanged
533 skip_unnecessary_picks () {
535 while read command sha1 rest
537 # fd=3 means we skip the command
538 case "$fd,$command,$(git rev-parse --verify --quiet $sha1^)" in
539 3,pick,"$ONTO"*|3,p,"$ONTO"*)
540 # pick a commit whose parent is current $ONTO -> skip
550 echo "$command${sha1:+ }$sha1${rest:+ }$rest" >&$fd
551 done <"$TODO" >"$TODO.new" 3>>"$DONE" &&
552 mv -f "$TODO".new "$TODO" ||
553 die "Could not skip unnecessary pick commands"
556 # check if no other options are set
558 test $# -eq 2 -a "$2" = '--' &&
560 test -z "$PRESERVE_MERGES" &&
561 test -z "$STRATEGY" &&
565 get_saved_options () {
566 test -d "$REWRITTEN" && PRESERVE_MERGES=t
567 test -f "$DOTEST"/strategy && STRATEGY="$(cat "$DOTEST"/strategy)"
568 test -f "$DOTEST"/verbose && VERBOSE=t
569 test -f "$DOTEST"/rebase-root && REBASE_ROOT=t
576 OK_TO_SKIP_PRE_REBASE=yes
581 is_standalone "$@" || usage
583 comment_for_reflog continue
585 test -d "$DOTEST" || die "No interactive rebase running"
588 git rev-parse --verify HEAD >/dev/null ||
589 die "Cannot read HEAD"
590 git update-index --ignore-submodules --refresh &&
591 git diff-files --quiet --ignore-submodules ||
592 die "Working tree is dirty"
594 # do we have anything to commit?
595 if git diff-index --cached --quiet --ignore-submodules HEAD --
597 : Nothing to commit -- skip this
599 . "$AUTHOR_SCRIPT" ||
600 die "Cannot find the author identity"
604 amend=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD)
605 test "$amend" = $(cat "$AMEND") ||
607 You have uncommitted changes in your working tree. Please, commit them
608 first and then run 'git rebase --continue' again."
609 git reset --soft HEAD^ ||
610 die "Cannot rewind the HEAD"
612 do_with_author git commit --no-verify -F "$MSG" -e || {
613 test -n "$amend" && git reset --soft $amend
614 die "Could not commit staged changes."
618 require_clean_work_tree
622 is_standalone "$@" || usage
624 comment_for_reflog abort
627 test -d "$DOTEST" || die "No interactive rebase running"
629 HEADNAME=$(cat "$DOTEST"/head-name)
630 HEAD=$(cat "$DOTEST"/head)
633 git symbolic-ref HEAD $HEADNAME
636 output git reset --hard $HEAD &&
641 is_standalone "$@" || usage
643 comment_for_reflog skip
646 test -d "$DOTEST" || die "No interactive rebase running"
648 output git reset --hard && do_rest
653 STRATEGY="-s "$(expr "z$1" : 'z-[^=]*=\(.*\)') ;;
662 # we use merge anyway
678 ONTO=$(git rev-parse --verify "$1") ||
679 die "Does not point to a valid commit: $1"
683 test -z "$REBASE_ROOT" -a $# -ge 1 -a $# -le 2 ||
684 test ! -z "$REBASE_ROOT" -a $# -le 1 || usage
686 die "Interactive rebase already started"
688 git var GIT_COMMITTER_IDENT >/dev/null ||
689 die "You need to set your committer info first"
691 if test -z "$REBASE_ROOT"
694 UPSTREAM=$(git rev-parse --verify "$1") || die "Invalid base"
695 test -z "$ONTO" && ONTO=$UPSTREAM
701 die "You must specify --onto when using --root"
703 run_pre_rebase_hook "$UPSTREAM_ARG" "$@"
705 comment_for_reflog start
707 require_clean_work_tree
711 output git show-ref --verify --quiet "refs/heads/$1" ||
712 die "Invalid branchname: $1"
713 output git checkout "$1" ||
714 die "Could not checkout $1"
717 HEAD=$(git rev-parse --verify HEAD) || die "No HEAD?"
718 mkdir "$DOTEST" || die "Could not create temporary $DOTEST"
720 : > "$DOTEST"/interactive || die "Could not mark as interactive"
721 git symbolic-ref HEAD > "$DOTEST"/head-name 2> /dev/null ||
722 echo "detached HEAD" > "$DOTEST"/head-name
724 echo $HEAD > "$DOTEST"/head
725 case "$REBASE_ROOT" in
727 rm -f "$DOTEST"/rebase-root ;;
729 : >"$DOTEST"/rebase-root ;;
731 echo $ONTO > "$DOTEST"/onto
732 test -z "$STRATEGY" || echo "$STRATEGY" > "$DOTEST"/strategy
733 test t = "$VERBOSE" && : > "$DOTEST"/verbose
734 if test t = "$PRESERVE_MERGES"
736 if test -z "$REBASE_ROOT"
738 mkdir "$REWRITTEN" &&
739 for c in $(git merge-base --all $HEAD $UPSTREAM)
741 echo $ONTO > "$REWRITTEN"/$c ||
742 die "Could not init rewritten commits"
745 mkdir "$REWRITTEN" &&
746 echo $ONTO > "$REWRITTEN"/root ||
747 die "Could not init rewritten commits"
749 # No cherry-pick because our first pass is to determine
750 # parents to rewrite and skipping dropped commits would
751 # prematurely end our probe
753 first_after_upstream="$(git rev-list --reverse --first-parent $UPSTREAM..$HEAD | head -n 1)"
755 MERGES_OPTION="--no-merges --cherry-pick"
758 SHORTHEAD=$(git rev-parse --short $HEAD)
759 SHORTONTO=$(git rev-parse --short $ONTO)
760 if test -z "$REBASE_ROOT"
761 # this is now equivalent to ! -z "$UPSTREAM"
763 SHORTUPSTREAM=$(git rev-parse --short $UPSTREAM)
764 REVISIONS=$UPSTREAM...$HEAD
765 SHORTREVISIONS=$SHORTUPSTREAM..$SHORTHEAD
767 REVISIONS=$ONTO...$HEAD
768 SHORTREVISIONS=$SHORTHEAD
770 git rev-list $MERGES_OPTION --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit \
771 --abbrev=7 --reverse --left-right --topo-order \
773 sed -n "s/^>//p" | while read shortsha1 rest
775 if test t != "$PRESERVE_MERGES"
777 echo "pick $shortsha1 $rest" >> "$TODO"
779 sha1=$(git rev-parse $shortsha1)
780 if test -z "$REBASE_ROOT"
783 for p in $(git rev-list --parents -1 $sha1 | cut -d' ' -s -f2-)
785 if test -f "$REWRITTEN"/$p -a \( $p != $ONTO -o $sha1 = $first_after_upstream \)
793 if test f = "$preserve"
795 touch "$REWRITTEN"/$sha1
796 echo "pick $shortsha1 $rest" >> "$TODO"
801 # Watch for commits that been dropped by --cherry-pick
802 if test t = "$PRESERVE_MERGES"
805 # Save all non-cherry-picked changes
806 git rev-list $REVISIONS --left-right --cherry-pick | \
807 sed -n "s/^>//p" > "$DOTEST"/not-cherry-picks
808 # Now all commits and note which ones are missing in
809 # not-cherry-picks and hence being dropped
810 git rev-list $REVISIONS |
813 if test -f "$REWRITTEN"/$rev -a "$(sane_grep "$rev" "$DOTEST"/not-cherry-picks)" = ""
815 # Use -f2 because if rev-list is telling us this commit is
816 # not worthwhile, we don't want to track its multiple heads,
817 # just the history of its first-parent for others that will
818 # be rebasing on top of it
819 git rev-list --parents -1 $rev | cut -d' ' -s -f2 > "$DROPPED"/$rev
820 short=$(git rev-list -1 --abbrev-commit --abbrev=7 $rev)
821 sane_grep -v "^[a-z][a-z]* $short" <"$TODO" > "${TODO}2" ; mv "${TODO}2" "$TODO"
827 test -s "$TODO" || echo noop >> "$TODO"
828 cat >> "$TODO" << EOF
830 # Rebase $SHORTREVISIONS onto $SHORTONTO
833 # p, pick = use commit
834 # r, reword = use commit, but edit the commit message
835 # e, edit = use commit, but stop for amending
836 # s, squash = use commit, but meld into previous commit
837 # f, fixup = like "squash", but discard this commit's log message
839 # If you remove a line here THAT COMMIT WILL BE LOST.
840 # However, if you remove everything, the rebase will be aborted.
844 has_action "$TODO" ||
845 die_abort "Nothing to do"
847 cp "$TODO" "$TODO".backup
848 git_editor "$TODO" ||
849 die "Could not execute editor"
851 has_action "$TODO" ||
852 die_abort "Nothing to do"
854 test -d "$REWRITTEN" || skip_unnecessary_picks
856 git update-ref ORIG_HEAD $HEAD
857 output git checkout $ONTO && do_rest