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36 .TH ZWGC 1 "November 30, 1989" "MIT Project Athena"
38 zwgc \- Zephyr Windowgram Client program
41 [ \-reenter ] [ \-nofork ] [ \-ttymode ] [ \-f
51 ] ... [ output driver options ]
52 [ X Toolkit options... ]
57 client. It is responsible for receiving selected zephyr notices on
58 behalf of the user, formatting them, and displaying them using
59 one or more of the output devices.
61 .SS "Selection of Zephyr Notices"
64 subscribes to various notice classes and instances on behalf of the
65 user. Only notices in the subscription list will be received. The
66 subscription list is composed of the default subscriptions (stored on
67 the server), the user's subscriptions file, and any subscriptions made
70 The user's subscription file defaults to
71 .IR $HOME/.zephyr.subs ,
72 or it can be specified with the \-subfile
73 option. If "\-" is specified as the subscription filename, the
74 subscriptions will be read from standard input.
79 command is used to manipulate and change subscriptions. See the
83 .SS "Zephyr Description Files"
86 formats its output messages according to the commands in its
87 description file. The user's description file
88 .RI ( $HOME/.zwgc.desc
89 by default, or whatever is specified by \-f) is read, or the system file
90 is read if the user's does not exist.
92 Every time a notice is received,
94 runs through the description file, and executes the appropriate commands.
96 .SS "Zephyr Description File Syntax"
98 A description file is simply a list of commands. Whitespace (spaces,
99 tabs, and line breaks) is used
100 to separate tokens. The type and amount of whitespace separating tokens
102 Comments can be delimited by # and newline (for line-oriented comments,
103 e.g. "# this is a comment" on a line by itself) or by /* and */ (e.g. "/*
104 this is a comment */").
106 .SH "DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE"
108 Expressions are used by certain commands.
109 They are composed from string literals, variable references,
110 function calls, and operators. Parentheses can be used anywhere in an
111 expression to group expressions or increase readability.
113 String literals are specified by putting the contents in "double quotes".
115 Variables are set using the
117 command (see "COMMANDS", below). They are
118 referenced in an expression by using the form
120 Some variables are set by default for each notice.
121 All other variables retain their values between notice interpretations,
122 so that if you set a variable, it retains that value until later
125 Functions are called using a C-like syntax,
126 \fBfname\fR(\fIexpr1\fR,\fIexpr2\fR), where
133 Binary operators use infix notation, such as "a == b".
135 Some commands use an expression list (exprlist), which is simply a set
136 of expressions separated by whitespace (e.g. $var1 "lit1" $var2).
138 .SS "Default variables"
140 The following variables are always available:
143 Numeric variables are assigned values corresponding to that field in the
144 notice (the body of each notice is conceptually an array of fields, each
145 terminated with a null character). If the number is greater than the
146 number of fields actually in the notice, the value is "". For example,
147 the standard zwrite messages have two fields: $1 is the signature, and
148 $2 is the text of the message.
151 An indication of the authenticity of the notice. ``yes'' means the
152 notice is authentic, ``no'' means it is not, and ``forged'' means that
153 the message claimed to be authentic but the verification of the claim
154 failed. The ``forged'' indication usually appears when a user has
155 changed his Kerberos tickets with
157 but has not run ``zctl sub'' to
158 register this change with the Zephyr servers.
161 The class of the current notice.
164 The date on which the notice was sent.
167 The default output format for the current notice
170 An error message from the port read/write commands.
173 The full name of the host from which the notice appears to have been
175 .I This is not fully reliable,
176 as the information used to determine this hostname is not guaranteed to
177 be correct (even for authentic messages).
180 The notice sender's name, including the zephyr realm name.
183 The instance of the current notice.
189 The full text of the message, with nulls converted to newlines.
192 The number of fields in the message (a string representation of a
196 The opcode of the current notice.
199 The name of the output driver in use.
202 The port from which the notice was sent.
205 The local zephyr realm.
208 The recipient for the current notice. If the notice is a multicast
209 (sent to several people), the recipient is set to ``*''.
212 Usually a shortened version of fullsender. If the realm of the sender
213 is equal to the realm of the recipient,
215 omits the realm name.
218 The time of day at which the notice was sent.
221 The full zephyr name of the user (e.g. marc@ATHENA.MIT.EDU).
224 The current version of
228 The protocol version of the notice.
230 All of these variables (except for error, output_driver, and version)
231 are re-set before each notice is processed.
235 Following is a list of functions available for use in the description
239 The contents of the current output buffer.
242 Returns the value of \fIexpr\fR, converted to lower case.
245 Returns a line from the port named \fIexpr\fR. If there is no text
246 waiting on the port (e.g. the program connected to the port has not
247 printed any output), this function will wait until it can read a line of
251 Returns the value of the environment variable \fIexpr\fR, or the empty
252 string if it does not exist.
255 .BI lany "(expr1, expr2), " rany "(expr1, expr2)"
256 Return a number of characters equal to the length of
264 (e.g. lany("1234567890","foo") would return "123").
267 is a variable reference, the variable
268 is modified to remove the characters returned.
277 is set to "", if a variable).
279 .BI lbreak "(expr1, expr2), " rbreak "(expr1, expr2)"
281 defines a set of characters. The function returns the longest
288 composed of characters
290 in this set (e.g. lbreak("characters", "tuv") would return "charac"). If
292 is a variable reference, the variable
293 is modified to remove the characters returned. If no characters
295 .IR expr2 " are in " "expr1, " then " expr1 "
298 is set to "", if a variable).
300 .BI lspan "(expr1, expr2), " rspan "(expr1, expr2)"
301 These functions are the negation of the
303 functions; the returned string consists of characters
309 Returns a string which will be evaluated identically to \fIexpr\fR,
310 but will not affect any surrounding environments. That is, any
311 characters which could close outside environments are quoted, and any
312 environments in \fIexpr\fR which are not closed at the end are closed.
314 .BI substitute (expr)
315 Evaluates variable references of the form \fI$variable\fR in expr and
319 Returns the value of \fIexpr\fR, converted to upper case.
322 Returns a string that will be displayed exactly as \fIexpr\fR looks.
323 Anything which could be mistaken for an environment is quoted.
325 .BI stylestrip (expr)
326 Returns \fIexpr\fR with all environments stripped out.
329 Returns the value of the zephyr variable \fIexpr\fR,
331 string if it does not exist. [Zephyr variables
332 can be set and examined with
337 Following is a list of operators which can be used in the description
338 file to compose expressions:
340 .IB expr1 " + " expr2
341 String concatenation of
342 .IR expr1 " and " expr2
344 .IB expr1 " == " expr2
345 True if the two expressions are equal, false otherwise.
347 .IB expr1 " =~ " expr2
348 True if the regular expression pattern
349 .IR expr2 " matches " expr1.
351 .IB expr1 " !~ " expr2
354 .IB expr1 " != " expr2
357 \fIexpr1\fB and \fIexpr2\fR, \fIexpr1\fB & \fIexpr2\fR
359 .IR expr1 " and " expr2
362 \fIexpr1\fB or \fIexpr2\fR, \fIexpr1\fB | \fIexpr2\fR
364 .IR expr1 " or " expr2
367 \fB! \fIexpr1\fR, \fBnot \fIexpr1\fR
368 The logical negation of
373 Following is a list of the commands usable in the description
376 .BI appendport " expr1 expr2"
377 Creates a port called \fIexpr1\fR. All output to the port will be
378 appended to the file \fIexpr2\fR. There is no input. If the file is
379 created, its mode is set to read-write, owner only (no access for others).
382 Exits the innermost if, case, or while block.
384 \fBcase \fIexpr1\fR [ ((\fBmatch \fIexpr\fR [,\fIexpr ...\fR]) | \fBdefault\fR)\fI commands \fR] ... \fBendcase\fR
385 Evaluates \fIexpr1\fR. Then, each of the match expressions is
386 evaluated in order. The first time an expression matches \fIexpr1\fR,
387 then the body of commands under it is executed, and the rest of the case
388 statement is skipped. This compare is case-insensitive. default always
389 matches, so it should always appear as the last set of commands. See
390 the default description file for an example of use.
393 Clears the output buffer (see below for details on buffering).
395 .BI closeinput " expr"
396 Closes the file associated with \fIexpr\fR.
398 .BI closeoutput " expr"
399 Sends an EOF (end-of-file) to the process if \fIexpr\fR was a port created by
400 execport, or closes the file if it was created by outputport or
403 .BI closeport " expr"
404 Closes both input and output of \fIexpr\fR as defined above.
406 .BI fields " variable1 ..."
407 sets the list of variables to be equal to the fields in the
408 notice. If there are more variables than fields, the extra
409 variables are left empty.
412 Executes a program without any input or output. A command named by
413 \fIexprlist\fR is executed. Each expression is used as an argument to
414 the program; the first expression names the program (it may be either an
415 absolute pathname, or a program name; the user's PATH is searched to
416 find simple program names).
418 .BI execport " expr1 exprlist"
419 Creates a port called \fIexpr1\fR. A command named by \fIexprlist\fR
420 is executed, as described above for \fBexec\fR.
421 All output to the port is sent to the standard input
422 of the process. Reading from the port will return the standard output
426 Completes processing of the current notice. The remainder of the
427 description file is ignored after execution of this command.
428 .\" hack because the following line otherwise breaks because it is too long.
430 \fBif \fIexpr1 \fBthen \fIcommands1\fR [\fBelseif \fIexpr2 \fBthen \fIcommands2\fR] ... [\fBelse \fIcommandsn\fR] \fBendif\fR
431 If \fIexpr1\fR evaluates to true, execute \fIcommands1\fI, etc. [A conditional
432 construct, similar to the constructs in the C shell (csh).]
434 .BI inputport " expr1 expr2"
435 Creates a port called \fIexpr1\fR. All input from the port comes from
436 the file \fIexpr2\fR. There is no output.
441 .BI outputport " expr1 expr2"
442 Creates a port called \fIexpr1\fR. The file \fIexpr2\fR will be
443 truncated, or created if it does not exist. All output to the port
444 will be appended to the file \fIexpr2\fR. There is no input. If the file is
445 created, its mode is set to read-write, owner only (no access for others).
447 .BI print " expr1 ..."
448 adds the values of the expressions to the current output buffer. The
449 values of the expressions are separated by spaces in the output.
451 .B put \fR[\fIexpr \fR[\fIexprlist\fR]]
452 Sends data to a port. If \fIexpr\fR is provided, then it is used as the
453 port, otherwise the port used is the
454 port corresponding to the default output device.
455 If \fIexprlist\fR is provided, the expressions in the list are sent to
456 the port, separated by spaces. If it is omitted, then the contents
457 of the output buffer are sent as the data.
459 .BI set " variable " = " expr"
464 Variable can later be
468 .BI show " text " endshow
469 Appends text to the output buffer. This command is special, because
470 the string does not need to be quoted. Whitespace at the beginning or
471 end of the lines of text is ignored. The \fIendshow\fR must appear as
472 the first token on a line (it may only be preceded on that line by whitespace).
473 Variable substitutions and formatting commands
474 (but not expressions or functions) are processed in the text. Example:
482 .BI while " expr " do " statements " endwhile
483 Executes \fIstatements\fR until \fIexpr\fR is false.
487 Ports are an abstraction encompassing all I/O forms of which
488 zwgc is capable. There are pre-existing output ports corresponding to each
489 of the output devices, and more ports can be created with the
490 port commands described above.
493 The output is usually collected in the
497 command sends the output to an output device (such as an X display or a
498 terminal). The output buffer is implicitly cleared after each notice is
499 completely processed.
502 Output devices are implemented as output ports. A message is
503 displayed in a device-dependent manner when a string is output to the
504 port corresponding to the output device. Formatting commands are
505 embedded in the text as @ commands of the form @command(text).
506 Command names are case-insensitive and consist of alphanumeric
507 characters and underscores. Valid brackets are () [] {} and <>.
508 If the command name is empty (such as in
511 environment with no changes is created (This is useful to temporarily
512 change some parameter of the output, such as the font).
514 The following output devices are supported:
517 Sends the string to standard output exactly as is.
520 Sends the string to standard error exactly as is.
523 Sends the string with all formatting environments removed to standard
527 Does formatting on the message according to @ commands embedded in the
529 with appropriate mode-changing sequences, is sent to the standard output.
530 The appropriate characteristics of the display are taken from
531 the TERMCAP entry (see
533 for the terminal named by the TERM environment variable.
534 Supported @ commands are:
538 Roman (plain) letters (turns off all special modes).
541 Bold letters. If not available, reverse video, else underline.
544 Italic letters (underlining, if available).
547 "bl" termcap entry, else "^G" (beep the terminal); limited to once per
560 Other @-commands are silently ignored.
563 Displays one window per string output to the port. The output is
564 formatted according to @ commands embedded in the string. Supported
569 turns off @italic and @bold
596 Ring the X bell (limited to once per message)
599 sets the current font to the font specified in the contents of the
600 environment (e.g. @font(fixed)). This will remain in effect for the
601 rest of the environment (a temporary change can be achieved by enclosing the
602 font-change in an @(...) environment). If the named font is not
603 available, the font ``fixed'' is used instead.
606 sets the color to the color specified in the contents of the
607 environment. The color name should appear in the X color name database.
608 This color will remain in effect for the rest of the environment. If
609 the named color is not available, the default foreground color is used.
612 Any other environment name not corresponding to the above environment
613 names will set the current ``substyle.''
615 The attributes of a given block of text are determined by any active
616 environments, evaluated in the context of the current style and
619 The style is specific to each window. Its name has three dot
620 (``.'') separated fields, which are by default the values of the class,
621 instance, and recipient variables, with all dots changed to underscores
622 (``_'') and all letters converted to lowercase. The style can be
623 altered by setting the
625 variable. Note that it \fBmust always\fR have exactly two ``.''
628 The substyle is determined by @ commands in the message text.
630 Zwgc variables which the X output device reads are:
634 default geometry for notices, set from resources
637 overrides geometry in resource file, if set
640 default background color for notices, set from resources
643 overrides bgcolor in resource file, if set
646 style, as described above
649 The expected geometry values are described below.
651 The fonts and color for a piece of text are determined by the styles
652 defined in the X resources file. The following resources relating to
653 text style are used by zwgc:
656 zwgc.style.\fIstylenames\fR.geometry
657 geometry for messages of the specified style
659 zwgc.style.\fIstylenames\fR.background
660 background color for messages of the specified style
662 zwgc.style.\fIstylenames\fR.substyle.\fIsubstylename\fR.fontfamily
663 fontfamily name for the specified style and substyle
665 zwgc.style.\fIstylenames\fR.substyle.\fIsubstylename\fR.foreground
666 foreground color for the specified style and substyle
668 zwgc.fontfamily.\fIfontfamilyname\fR.\fIsize\fR.\fIface\fR
669 specifies the fonts for a given fontfamily. \fIsize\fR is one
670 of small, medium, or large, and \fIface\fR is one of roman,
671 bold, italic, or bolditalic.
674 The best way to get started in customizing X resources for
676 is to examine the default application resources and other users'
677 resources to understand how they specify the default appearance.
680 Other X resources used by
697 An entry labeled with zwgc*option in any of the sources takes precedence
698 over Zwgc*option, which takes precedence over *option entries.
699 The following sources are searched in order:
702 command-line arguments (\-xrm)
703 contents of file named by XENVIRONMENT environment variable
704 X server resource database (see \fIxrdb\fR(1))
705 application resources file
709 Logical values can be ( Yes On True T ) or ( No Off False nil ).
712 \fBMEANING [default]:\fR
715 number of a code from the cursorfont (should be an even integer, see
716 \fI<X11/cursorfont.h>\fR) to use for the windows.
719 Primary foreground color
722 Secondary foreground color (if foreground not set) [BlackPixel is the default if neither is set]
725 Primary background color
728 Secondary background color (if background not set) [WhitePixel is the
729 default if neither is set]
735 Secondary border color (if borderColor not set) [BlackPixel is the
736 default if neither is set]
739 Primary mouse pointer color [foreground color is the default if not set]
742 (logical) Toggles foreground and background (and border, if it matches
743 foreground or background).
746 Secondary toggle, if reverseVideo is not set. [off is the default if
750 Primary border width selector
753 Secondary border width selector (if borderWidth is not set) [1 is the
754 default value if neither is set]
757 Primary border between edge and text
760 Secondary selector (if internalBorder not set) [2 is the default value
764 Primary POSITION (not size) geometry specifier.
765 The geometry should be of the form "{+|\-}x{+|\-}y", specifying an (x,y)
766 coordinate for a corner of the window displaying the notice. The
767 interpretation of positive and negative location specifications follows
768 the X conventions. A special location of `c' for either x or y
769 indicates that the window should be centered along that axis. Example:
770 a geometry of "+0+c" specifies the window should be at the top of the
771 screen, centered horizontally.
774 Secondary position specifer. [+0+0 is the default if neither is set.]
777 (logical) Primary value to force screen to unsave when a message first
781 (logical) Secondary value to force screen to unsave. [default True]
784 (logical) Primary value to specify that zwgc should attempt to stack
785 WindowGram windows such that the oldest messages
786 normally show on top. Some X window managers may silently ignore
788 attempts to restack its windows. This option can cause some unusual
789 interactions with other windows if the user manually restacks either the
790 other windows or the WindowGram windows.
793 Secondary value to enable reverse stacking. [default False]
796 (string) Primary window title
799 Secondary window title [defaults to the last pathname component
800 of the program name, usually "zwgc"]
803 (logical) Primary value which determines if zephyrgram windows will be
804 created with the \fBWM_TRANSIENT_FOR\fR property set. If this
805 resource is true, the property will be set, telling certain
806 windowmanagers to treat zephyrgram windows specially. For instance,
807 \fItwm\fR will not put decorations on transient windows, \fImwm\fR
808 will not let you iconify them, and \fIuwm\fR ignores the resource
812 Secondary transient determining value [default False]
815 (logical) Primary value which determines if zephyrgram windows should
816 appear on all desktops, for those window managers which support multiple
817 desktops (sometimes referred to as workspaces). When this resource is
820 sets the \fB_NET_WM_DESKTOP\fR property to 0xFFFFFFFF for each zephyrgram
821 window, indicating that it should appear on all desktops.
824 Secondary value determining whether zephyrgram windows should appear
828 (logical) If true, scrolling over a zgram will cause it
832 Secondary value to enable deletion of a zgram by scrolling over it
836 (logical) If true, zwgc creates a WM_PROTOCOLS property on all zgrams, with
837 WM_DELETE_WINDOW as contents.
840 Secondary value to enable WM_DELETE_WINDOW protocol on zgrams [default False]
843 Primary value which specifies the minimum amount of time (``minimum time to
844 live'') a WindowGram must be on-screen (in milliseconds) until it can
845 be destroyed. This feature is useful to avoid accidentally clicking
846 on new WindowGrams when trying to delete old ones.
849 Secondary value of ``minimum time to live.''
852 (string) Primary icon name
855 Secondary icon name [defaults to the last pathname component
856 of the program name, usually "zwgc"]
859 (string) Primary window class name
862 Secondary window class name [defaults to the last pathname component
863 of the program name, usually "zwgc"]
866 (logical) Primary X synchronous mode specifier. On means to put the X
867 library into synchronous mode.
870 Secondary X synchronous mode specifier. [default is `off']
872 The window class is always "Zwgc".
875 Clicking and releasing any button without the shift key depressed while
876 the pointer remains inside a WindowGram window will cause it to
877 disappear. If the pointer leaves the window
878 while the button is depressed, the window does not disappear; this
879 provides a way to avoid accidentally losing messages.
881 If the control button is held down while clicking on a WindowGram,
882 then that WindowGram and all windowgrams under the point where the
883 button is released will be erased.
886 If you do this with too many WindowGrams under the mouse, it is
887 possible for your subscriptions to be lost. If \fIzctl retrieve\fR
888 returns nothing, then issue a \fIzctl load\fR command to re-subscribe
889 to your default set of subscriptions. If you use znol, then \fIznol
890 \-q &\fR will restore the subscriptions you need for \fIznol\fR.
892 Portions of the text of a message may be selected for "pasting" into other X
893 applications by using the shift key in cooperation with the pointer
895 Holding the Shift key while depressing Button1 (usually the left button)
896 will set a marker at the
897 text under the pointer. Dragging the pointer with Shift-Button1 still
898 depressed extends the selection from the start point, until the button
899 is released. The end of the selection may also be
900 indicated by releasing Button1, holding down the Shift key, and pressing
901 Button3 (usually the right button) at the desired endpoint of the selection.
902 The selection will appear with the text and background colors reversed.
904 .SH ADDITIONAL X FEATURES
907 receives a WM_DELETE_WINDOW, it destroys the zephyrgram as if it were
910 If a zephyrgram is unmapped, it is removed from the stacking order
911 used by reverseStack.
915 is normally invoked from
916 .IR /usr/athena/lib/init/login ,
917 .IR $HOME/.xsession ,
919 .I /usr/athena/lib/init/xsession
920 in the foreground. When it has successfully set your location and
921 obtained subscriptions, it will put itself into the background (unless
922 the \-nofork option has been specified). At this point it is safe to
923 invoke additional zephyr commands, such as
925 (You can also put these commands in the
927 Zephyr variable; the value of this variable is passed as the argument to
930 library call during initialization.)
932 will exit with an exit
933 status of 0 if it was able to open the X display successfully or 1 if it
934 couldn't open the display and the Zephyr variable
936 was set to ``false''. If
940 will fall back to ``ttymode'' (making the tty driver the default output
941 device) if it can't open the X display. If
943 is not set and the display cannot be opened,
945 prints an explanatory message and exits with a status of 1.
951 will ignore any X display and use the terminal as its primary output
952 device. This flag overrides any setting of the fallback variable.
958 will use the specified string as the tty field for the location it
959 sets. This allows users to potentially specify more useful auxiliary
960 information than their ttys or display names.
964 option is provided for compatibility with the previous version of
968 will exit cleanly (unset location and cancel subscriptions) on:
972 XIOError (with a message to stderr)
974 SIGHUP is what it expects to get upon logout. Also, the signals
975 SIGINT, SIGQUIT, and SIGTSTP are ignored because they can be sent
976 inadvertently, and bizarre side-effects can result. If you want them
977 to be acted on, then run
982 receives a SIGUSR1, it will rewrite the file used to store the
983 WindowGram port number ($WGFILE or /tmp/wg.\fIuid\fR), in the event
984 that the file has been lost.
986 In order to allow some special user controls over the behavior of
988 certain Zephyr control notices can be sent directly to
992 program. Currently implemented controls are
997 to re-read the current description file.
1002 to cancel all subscriptions and stop acting on incoming notices.
1004 saves the subscriptions that were in effect at the time of the shutdown
1005 so that it can restore them later if needed.
1010 to restart from being shutdown and reinstall the saved subscriptions.
1012 Other control messages may be implemented in the future.
1015 For an example of a description file, see
1016 .IR /usr/athena/share/zephyr/zwgc.desc .
1017 For an example of X resources, see
1018 .IR /usr/athena/share/zephyr/zwgc_resources .
1021 The X selection code can highlight the wrong portions of messages
1022 containing formatted text placed with the @center() or @right()
1025 If you are using Kerberos support and get new tickets (using
1026 ``kinit''), you must send a subscription notice to the server (using a
1027 command such as ``zctl load /dev/null'') or all received Zephyr
1028 notices will appear to be unauthentic. (If all received Zephyr
1029 notices appear to be forged, your tickets have probably expired, in
1030 which case you must get new tickets and then run ``zctl load
1035 Default location of user's description file
1037 /usr/athena/share/zephyr/zwgc.desc
1038 System-wide description file
1040 /usr/athena/share/zephyr/zwgc_resources
1041 Default X application resources.
1043 $ZEPHYR_VARS or $HOME/.zephyr.vars
1044 File containing variable definitions
1047 Supplementary subscription file
1050 Standard X resources file
1052 $WGFILE or /tmp/wg.\fIuid\fR
1053 File used to store WindowGram port number for other clients
1055 csh(1), kinit(1), xrdb(1), zctl(1), zephyr(1), znol(1), X(1), getenv(3),
1056 system(3), termcap(5), zephyrd(8), zhm(8)
1058 Project Athena Technical Plan Section E.4.1, `Zephyr Notification Service'
1061 John Carr (MIT/Project Athena) <jfc@athena.mit.edu>
1062 Marc Horowitz (MIT/Project Athena) <marc@athena.mit.edu>
1063 Mark Lillibridge (MIT/Project Athena) <mdl@CS.CMU.EDU>
1066 Copyright (c) 1989 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
1067 All Rights Reserved.
1070 specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.