SYNOPSIS
--------
[verse]
-'git push' [--all | --mirror | --tags] [--dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]
- [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [-v | --verbose]
+'git push' [--all | --mirror | --tags] [-n | --dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]
+ [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [-v | --verbose] [-u | --set-upstream]
[<repository> <refspec>...]
DESCRIPTION
+
The object referenced by <src> is used to update the <dst> reference
on the remote side, but by default this is only allowed if the
-update can fast forward <dst>. By having the optional leading `{plus}`,
+update can fast-forward <dst>. By having the optional leading `{plus}`,
you can tell git to update the <dst> ref even when the update is not a
-fast forward. This does *not* attempt to merge <src> into <dst>. See
+fast-forward. This does *not* attempt to merge <src> into <dst>. See
EXAMPLES below for details.
+
`tag <tag>` means the same as `refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag>`.
Pushing an empty <src> allows you to delete the <dst> ref from
the remote repository.
+
-The special refspec `:` (or `{plus}:` to allow non-fast forward updates)
+The special refspec `:` (or `{plus}:` to allow non-fast-forward updates)
directs git to push "matching" branches: for every branch that exists on
the local side, the remote side is updated if a branch of the same name
already exists on the remote side. This is the default operation mode
if the configuration option `remote.<remote>.mirror` is
set.
+-n::
--dry-run::
Do everything except actually send the updates.
+--porcelain::
+ Produce machine-readable output. The output status line for each ref
+ will be tab-separated and sent to stdout instead of stderr. The full
+ symbolic names of the refs will be given.
+
+--delete::
+ All listed refs are deleted from the remote repository. This is
+ the same as prefixing all refs with a colon.
+
--tags::
All refs under `$GIT_DIR/refs/tags` are pushed, in
addition to refspecs explicitly listed on the command
--repo=<repository>::
This option is only relevant if no <repository> argument is
- passed in the invocation. In this case, 'git-push' derives the
+ passed in the invocation. In this case, 'git push' derives the
remote name from the current branch: If it tracks a remote
branch, then that remote repository is pushed to. Otherwise,
the name "origin" is used. For this latter case, this option
can be used to override the name "origin". In other words,
the difference between these two commands
+
+-u::
+--set-upstream::
+ For every branch that is up to date or successfully pushed, add
+ upstream (tracking) reference, used by argument-less
+ linkgit:git-pull[1] and other commands. For more information,
+ see 'branch.<name>.merge' in linkgit:git-config[1].
+
--------------------------
git push public #1
+
is that #1 always pushes to "public" whereas #2 pushes to "public"
only if the current branch does not track a remote branch. This is
-useful if you write an alias or script around 'git-push'.
+useful if you write an alias or script around 'git push'.
--thin::
--no-thin::
- These options are passed to 'git-send-pack'. Thin
+ These options are passed to 'git send-pack'. Thin
transfer spends extra cycles to minimize the number of
objects to be sent and meant to be used on slower connection.
--verbose::
Run verbosely.
+-q::
+--quiet::
+ Suppress all output, including the listing of updated refs,
+ unless an error occurs.
+
include::urls-remotes.txt[]
OUTPUT
<flag> <summary> <from> -> <to> (<reason>)
-------------------------------
+If --porcelain is used, then each line of the output is of the form:
+
+-------------------------------
+ <flag> \t <from>:<to> \t <summary> (<reason>)
+-------------------------------
+
flag::
A single character indicating the status of the ref. This is
blank for a successfully pushed ref, `!` for a ref that was
For a successfully pushed ref, the summary shows the old and new
values of the ref in a form suitable for using as an argument to
`git log` (this is `<old>..<new>` in most cases, and
- `<old>...<new>` for forced non-fast forward updates). For a
+ `<old>...<new>` for forced non-fast-forward updates). For a
failed update, more details are given for the failure.
The string `rejected` indicates that git did not try to send the
- ref at all (typically because it is not a fast forward). The
+ ref at all (typically because it is not a fast-forward). The
string `remote rejected` indicates that the remote end refused
the update; this rejection is typically caused by a hook on the
remote side. The string `remote failure` indicates that the
refs, no explanation is needed. For a failed ref, the reason for
failure is described.
+Note about fast-forwards
+------------------------
+
+When an update changes a branch (or more in general, a ref) that used to
+point at commit A to point at another commit B, it is called a
+fast-forward update if and only if B is a descendant of A.
+
+In a fast-forward update from A to B, the set of commits that the original
+commit A built on top of is a subset of the commits the new commit B
+builds on top of. Hence, it does not lose any history.
+
+In contrast, a non-fast-forward update will lose history. For example,
+suppose you and somebody else started at the same commit X, and you built
+a history leading to commit B while the other person built a history
+leading to commit A. The history looks like this:
+
+----------------
+
+ B
+ /
+ ---X---A
+
+----------------
+
+Further suppose that the other person already pushed changes leading to A
+back to the original repository you two obtained the original commit X.
+
+The push done by the other person updated the branch that used to point at
+commit X to point at commit A. It is a fast-forward.
+
+But if you try to push, you will attempt to update the branch (that
+now points at A) with commit B. This does _not_ fast-forward. If you did
+so, the changes introduced by commit A will be lost, because everybody
+will now start building on top of B.
+
+The command by default does not allow an update that is not a fast-forward
+to prevent such loss of history.
+
+If you do not want to lose your work (history from X to B) nor the work by
+the other person (history from X to A), you would need to first fetch the
+history from the repository, create a history that contains changes done
+by both parties, and push the result back.
+
+You can perform "git pull", resolve potential conflicts, and "git push"
+the result. A "git pull" will create a merge commit C between commits A
+and B.
+
+----------------
+
+ B---C
+ / /
+ ---X---A
+
+----------------
+
+Updating A with the resulting merge commit will fast-forward and your
+push will be accepted.
+
+Alternatively, you can rebase your change between X and B on top of A,
+with "git pull --rebase", and push the result back. The rebase will
+create a new commit D that builds the change between X and B on top of
+A.
+
+----------------
+
+ B D
+ / /
+ ---X---A
+
+----------------
+
+Again, updating A with this commit will fast-forward and your push will be
+accepted.
+
+There is another common situation where you may encounter non-fast-forward
+rejection when you try to push, and it is possible even when you are
+pushing into a repository nobody else pushes into. After you push commit
+A yourself (in the first picture in this section), replace it with "git
+commit --amend" to produce commit B, and you try to push it out, because
+forgot that you have pushed A out already. In such a case, and only if
+you are certain that nobody in the meantime fetched your earlier commit A
+(and started building on top of it), you can run "git push --force" to
+overwrite it. In other words, "git push --force" is a method reserved for
+a case where you do mean to lose history.
+
+
Examples
--------
git push origin {plus}dev:master::
Update the origin repository's master branch with the dev branch,
- allowing non-fast forward updates. *This can leave unreferenced
+ allowing non-fast-forward updates. *This can leave unreferenced
commits dangling in the origin repository.* Consider the
- following situation, where a fast forward is not possible:
+ following situation, where a fast-forward is not possible:
+
----
o---o---o---A---B origin/master
projects / git.git / blobdiff