We ought to handle anything in filenames and I actually see no reason why
we don't, modulo very little missing escaping that this patch hopefully
also fixes.
I have also made esc_param() escape [?=&;]. Not escaping [&;] was downright
buggy and [?=] just feels better escaped. ;-) YMMV.
Signed-off-by: Petr Baudis <pasky@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Petr Baudis [Sat, 23 Sep 2006 22:25:19 +0000 (00:25 +0200)]
Deprecate git-resolve.sh
Seriously, is anyone still using this thing? It's collecting dust and
blocking the name for something potentially useful like a tool for
user-friendly marking of resolved conflicts or resolving index conflicts.
We've loved you when Git was young, now thank you and please go away. ;-)
This makes git-resolve.sh print a big deprecation warning and sleep a bit
for extra annoyance. It should be removed completely after the next release.
Signed-off-by: Petr Baudis <pasky@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
git-zip-tree can be safely removed because it was never part of a formal
release. This patch makes 'git-archive --format=zip' the one and only git
ZIP file creation command.
Signed-off-by: Rene Scharfe <rene.scharfe@lsrfire.ath.cx> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Petr Baudis [Fri, 22 Sep 2006 23:00:12 +0000 (01:00 +0200)]
Make path in tree view look nicer
Based on talk on the IRC with Junio some evenings ago, I've updated the
path showing in tree view to look better and sent updated patches
privately, but it seems the old version ended up being used, so here's
the new one again.
Signed-off-by: Petr Baudis <pasky@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Petr Baudis [Fri, 22 Sep 2006 01:19:41 +0000 (03:19 +0200)]
gitweb: More per-view navigation bar links
Navigation bars in various views were empty or missed important items that
should have been there, e.g. getting a snapshot in tree view or log of
ancestry in commit view...
This feeble patch attempts to consolidate that.
Signed-off-by: Petr Baudis <pasky@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Petr Baudis [Thu, 21 Sep 2006 23:58:40 +0000 (01:58 +0200)]
gitweb: Link (HEAD) tree for each project from projects list
Current projects list is oriented on easily getting "what's new"
information. But when already using gitweb as an interface to something,
I personally find myself to _much_ more frequently wanting to rather
see "what's in" (or "what's new in") and it's quite annoying to have to
go through the summary page (which is also rather expensive to generate)
just to get there.
Signed-off-by: Petr Baudis <pasky@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Petr Baudis [Thu, 21 Sep 2006 00:05:50 +0000 (02:05 +0200)]
Fix showing of path in tree view
This patch fixes two things - links to all path elements except the last
one were broken since gitweb does not like the trailing slash in them, and
the root tree was not reachable from the subdirectory view.
To compensate for the one more slash in the front, the trailing slash is
not there anymore. ;-) I don't care if it stays there though.
Signed-off-by: Petr Baudis <pasky@suse.cz> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
If receive.denyNonFastforwards is set to true, git-receive-pack will deny
non fast-forwards, i.e. forced updates. Most notably, a push to a repository
which has that flag set will fail.
As a first user, 'git-init-db --shared' sets this flag, since in a shared
setup, you are most unlikely to want forced pushes to succeed.
Signed-off-by: Johannes Schindelin <Johannes.Schindelin@gmx.de> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Jakub Narebski [Tue, 19 Sep 2006 18:47:27 +0000 (20:47 +0200)]
gitweb: Fix thinko in git_tags and git_heads
git_get_refs_list always return reference to list (and reference to
hash which we ignore), so $taglist (in git_tags) and $headlist (in
git_heads) are always defined, but @$taglist / @$headlist might be
empty. Replaced incorrect "if (defined @$taglist)" with
"if (@$taglist)" in git_tags and respectively in git_heads.
Signed-off-by: Jakub Narebski <jnareb@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Jakub Narebski [Tue, 19 Sep 2006 12:33:22 +0000 (14:33 +0200)]
gitweb: Make git_get_refs_list do work of git_get_references
Make git_get_refs_list do also work of git_get_references, to avoid
calling git-peek-remote twice. Change meaning of git_get_refs_list
meaning: it is now type, and not a full path, e.g. we now use
git_get_refs_list("heads") instead of former
git_get_refs_list("refs/heads").
Modify git_summary to use only one call to git_get_refs_list instead
of one call to git_get_references and two to git_get_refs_list.
Signed-off-by: Jakub Narebski <jnareb@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Jakub Narebski [Tue, 19 Sep 2006 12:31:49 +0000 (14:31 +0200)]
gitweb: Always use git-peek-remote in git_get_references
Instead of trying to read info/refs file, which might not be present
(we did fallback to git-ls-remote), always use git-peek-remote in
git_get_references.
It is preparation for git_get_refs_info to also return references
info. We should not use info/refs for git_get_refs_info as the
repository is not served for http-fetch clients.
Signed-off-by: Jakub Narebski <jnareb@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Jakub Narebski [Tue, 19 Sep 2006 22:49:51 +0000 (00:49 +0200)]
gitweb: Even more support for PATH_INFO based URLs
Now the following types of path based URLs are supported:
* project overview (summary) page of project
* project/branch shortlog of branch
* project/branch:file file in branch, blob_plain view
* project/branch:dir/ directory listing of dir in branch, tree view
The following shortcuts works (see explanation below):
* project/branch: directory listing of branch, main tree view
* project/:file file in HEAD (raw)
* project/:dir/ directory listing of dir in HEAD
* project/: directory listing of project's HEAD
We use ':' as separator between branch (ref) name and file name
(pathname) because valid branch (ref) name cannot have ':' inside.
This limit applies to branch name only. This allow for hierarchical
branches e.g. topic branch 'topic/subtopic', separate remotes
tracking branches e.g. 'refs/remotes/origin/HEAD', and discriminate
between head (branch) and tag with the same name.
Empty branch should be interpreted as HEAD.
If pathname (the part after ':') ends with '/', we assume that pathname
is name of directory, and we want to show contents of said directory
using "tree" view. If pathname is empty, it is equivalent to '/' (top
directory).
If pathname (the part after ':') does not end with '/', we assume that
pathname is name of file, and we show contents of said file using
"blob_plain" view.
Pathname is stripped of leading '/', so we can use ':/' to separate
branch from pathname. The rationale behind support for PATH_INFO based
URLs was to support project web pages for small projects: just create
an html branch and then use an URL like
http://nowhere.com/gitweb.cgi/project.git/html:/index.html
The ':/' syntax allow for working links between .html files served
in such way, e.g. <a href="main.html"> link inside "index.html"
would get
http://nowhere.com/gitweb.cgi/project.git/html:/main.html.
Signed-off-by: Jakub Narebski <jnareb@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Jakub Narebski [Tue, 19 Sep 2006 11:57:03 +0000 (13:57 +0200)]
gitweb: Fix mimetype_guess_file for files with multiple extensions
Fix getting correct mimetype for "blob_plain" view for files which have
multiple extensions, e.g. foo.1.html; now only the last extension
is used to find mimetype.
Noticed by Martin Waitz.
Signed-off-by: Jakub Narebski <jnareb@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Art Haas [Tue, 19 Sep 2006 12:20:19 +0000 (07:20 -0500)]
Patch for http-fetch.c and older curl releases
Older curl releases do not define CURLE_HTTP_RETURNED_ERROR, they
use CURLE_HTTP_NOT_FOUND instead. Newer curl releases keep the
CURLE_HTTP_NOT_FOUND definition but using a -DCURL_NO_OLDIES
preprocessor flag the old name will not be present in the 'curl.h'
header.
This patch makes our code written for newer releases of the curl
library but allow compiling against an older curl (older than
0x070a03) by defining the missing CURLE_HTTP_RETURNED_ERROR as a
synonym for CURLE_HTTP_NOT_FOUND.
Signed-off-by: Art Haas <ahaas@airmail.net> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Junio C Hamano [Mon, 18 Sep 2006 01:32:03 +0000 (18:32 -0700)]
Merge branch 'jc/pack'
* jc/pack:
pack-objects: document --revs, --unpacked and --all.
pack-objects --unpacked=<existing pack> option.
pack-objects: further work on internal rev-list logic.
pack-objects: run rev-list equivalent internally.
Separate object listing routines out of rev-list
Junio C Hamano [Mon, 18 Sep 2006 01:14:03 +0000 (18:14 -0700)]
Merge branch 'jk/diff'
* jk/diff:
wt-status: remove extraneous newline from 'deleted:' output
git-status: document colorization config options
Teach runstatus about --untracked
git-commit.sh: convert run_status to a C builtin
Move color option parsing out of diff.c and into color.[ch]
diff: support custom callbacks for output
upload-archive: monitor child communication even more carefully.
The current code works like this: if others flags than POLLIN is
raised we assume that (a) something bad happened and the child died or
(b) the child has closed the pipe because it had no more data to send.
For the latter case, we assume wrongly that one call to
process_input() will empty the pipe. Indeed it reads only 16Ko of data
by call and the the pipe capacity can be larger than that (on current
Linux kernel, it is 65536 bytes). Therefore the child can write 32ko
of data, for example, and close the pipe. After that poll will return
POLLIN _and_ POLLHUP and the parent will read only 16ko of data.
This patch forces the parent to empty the pipe as soon as POLLIN is
raised and even if POLLHUP or something else is raised too.
Moreover, some implementations of poll might return POLLRDNORM flag
even if it is non standard.
Signed-off-by: Franck Bui-Huu <vagabon.xyz@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Junio C Hamano [Sun, 17 Sep 2006 09:46:00 +0000 (02:46 -0700)]
Merge branch 'jc/archive'
* jc/archive:
git-tar-tree: devolve git-tar-tree into a wrapper for git-archive
git-archive: inline default_parse_extra()
builtin-archive.c: rename remote_request() to extract_remote_arg()
upload-archive: monitor child communication more carefully.
Add sideband status report to git-archive protocol
Prepare larger packet buffer for upload-pack protocol.
Teach --exec to git-archive --remote
Add --verbose to git-archive
archive: force line buffered output to stderr
Use xstrdup instead of strdup in builtin-{tar,zip}-tree.c
Move sideband server side support into reusable form.
Move sideband client side support into reusable form.
archive: allow remote to have more formats than we understand.
git-archive: make compression level of ZIP archives configurable
Add git-upload-archive
git-archive: wire up ZIP format.
git-archive: wire up TAR format.
Add git-archive
$export_ok: If this variable evaluates to true it is checked
if a file with this name exists in the repository. If it
does not exist the repository cannot be viewed from gitweb.
(Similar to git-daemon-export-ok for git-daemon).
$strict_export: If this variable evaluates to true only
repositories listed on the project-list-page of gitweb can
be accessed.
git-tar-tree: devolve git-tar-tree into a wrapper for git-archive
This patch removes the custom tree walker tree_traverse(), and makes
generate_tar() use write_tar_archive() and the infrastructure provided
by git-archive instead.
As a kind of side effect, make write_tar_archive() able to handle NULL
as base directory, as this is what the new and simple generate_tar()
uses to indicate the absence of a base directory. This was simpler
and cleaner than playing tricks with empty strings.
The behaviour of git-tar-tree should be unchanged (quick tests didn't
indicate otherwise) except for the text of some error messages.
Signed-off-by: Rene Scharfe <rene.scharfe@lsrfire.ath.cx> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Martin Waitz [Sat, 16 Sep 2006 21:08:32 +0000 (23:08 +0200)]
gitweb: more support for PATH_INFO based URLs
Now three types of path based URLs are supported:
gitweb.cgi/project.git
gitweb.cgi/project.git/branch
gitweb.cgi/project.git/branch/filename
The first one (show project summary) was already supported for a long time
now. The other two are new: they show the shortlog of a branch or
the plain file contents of some file contained in the repository.
This is especially useful to support project web pages for small
projects: just create an html branch and then use an URL like
gitweb.cgi/project.git/html/index.html.
Signed-off-by: Martin Waitz <tali@admingilde.org> Acked-by: Jakub Narebski <jnareb@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Junio C Hamano [Sun, 17 Sep 2006 08:04:24 +0000 (01:04 -0700)]
apply --unidiff-zero: loosen sanity checks for --unidiff=0 patches
In "git-apply", we have a few sanity checks and heuristics that
expects that the patch fed to us is a unified diff with at least
one line of context.
* When there is no leading context line in a hunk, the hunk
must apply at the beginning of the preimage. Similarly, no
trailing context means that the hunk is anchored at the end.
* We learn a patch deletes the file from a hunk that has no
resulting line (i.e. all lines are prefixed with '-') if it
has not otherwise been known if the patch deletes the file.
Similarly, no old line means the file is being created.
And we declare an error condition when the file created by a
creation patch already exists, and/or when a deletion patch
still leaves content in the file.
These sanity checks are good safety measures, but breaks down
when people feed a diff generated with --unified=0. This was
recently noticed first by Matthew Wilcox and Gerrit Pape.
This adds a new flag, --unified-zero, to allow bypassing these
checks. If you are in control of the patch generation process,
you should not use --unified=0 patch and fix it up with this
flag; rather you should try work with a patch with context. But
if all you have to work with is a patch without context, this
flag may come handy as the last resort.
Junio C Hamano [Sat, 16 Sep 2006 20:41:14 +0000 (13:41 -0700)]
t1400: make test debuggable.
I had a hard time figuring out why this test was failing with
the packed-refs update without running it under "sh -x". This
makes output from "sh t1400-update-ref.sh -v" more descriptive.
Updating other tests would be a good janitorial task.
Junio C Hamano [Sat, 16 Sep 2006 17:58:20 +0000 (10:58 -0700)]
http-fetch.c: consolidate code to detect missing fetch target
At a handful places we check two error codes from curl library
to see if the file we asked was missing from the remote (e.g.
we asked for a loose object when it is in a pack) to decide what
to do next. This consolidates the check into a single function.
NOTE: the original did not check for HTTP_RETURNED_ERROR when
error code is 404, but this version does to make sure 404 is
from HTTP and not some other protcol.
Junio C Hamano [Sat, 16 Sep 2006 06:19:02 +0000 (23:19 -0700)]
Fix git-am safety checks
An earlier commit cbd64af added a check that prevents "git-am"
to run without its standard input connected to a terminal while
resuming operation. This was to catch a user error to try
feeding a new patch from its standard input while recovery.
The assumption of the check was that it is an indication that a
new patch is being fed if the standard input is not connected to
a terminal. It is however not quite correct (the standard input
can be /dev/null if the user knows the operation does not need
any input, for example). This broke t3403 when the test was run
with its standard input connected to /dev/null.
When git-am is given an explicit command such as --skip, there
is no reason to insist that the standard input is a terminal; we
are not going to read a new patch anyway.
Credit goes to Gerrit Pape for noticing and reporting the
problem with t3403-rebase-skip test.
This allows you to maintain a few filesystem pathnames concurrently, by
simply replacing the single static "pathname" buffer with a LRU of four
buffers.
We did exactly the same thing with sha1_to_hex(), for pretty much exactly
the same reason. Sometimes you want to use two pathnames, and while it's
easy enough to xstrdup() them, why not just do the LU buffer thing.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Jakub Narebski [Fri, 15 Sep 2006 17:30:34 +0000 (19:30 +0200)]
gitweb: Allow for href() to be used for links without project param
Make it possible to use href() subroutine to generate link with
query string which does not include project ('p') parameter.
href() used to add project=$project to its parameters, if it
was not set (to be more exact if $params{'project'} was false).
Now you can pass "project => undef" if you don't want for href()
to add project parameter to query string in the generated link.
Links to "project_list", "project_index" and "opml" (all related
to list of all projects/all git repositories) doesn't need project
parameter. Moreover "project_list" is default view (action) if
project ('p') parameter is not set, just like "summary" is default
view (action) if project is set; project list served as a kind
of "home" page for gitweb instalation, and links to "project_list"
view were done without specyfying it as an action.
Convert remaining links (except $home_link and anchor links)
to use href(); this required adding 'order => "o"' to @mapping
in href(). This finishes consolidation of URL generation.
Signed-off-by: Jakub Narebski <jnareb@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Jakub Narebski [Fri, 15 Sep 2006 02:56:03 +0000 (04:56 +0200)]
gitweb: Add git_project_index for generating index.aux
Add git_project_index, which generates index.aux file that can be used
as a source of projects list, instead of generating projects list from
a directory. Using file as a source of projects list allows for some
projects to be not present in gitweb main (project_list) page, and/or
correct project owner info. And is probably faster.
Additionally it can be used to get the list of all available repositories
for scripts (in easily parseable form).
Signed-off-by: Jakub Narebski <jnareb@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Jakub Narebski [Fri, 15 Sep 2006 01:43:28 +0000 (03:43 +0200)]
gitweb: Do not parse refs by hand, use git-peek-remote instead
This is in response to Linus's work on packed refs. Additionally it
makes gitweb work with symrefs, too.
Do not parse refs by hand, using File::Find and reading individual
heads to get hash of reference, but use git-peek-remote output
instead. Assume that the hash for deref (with ^{}) always follows hash
for ref, and that we have derefs only for tag objects; this removes
call to git_get_type (and git-cat-file -t invocation) for tags, which
speeds "summary" and "tags" views generation, but might slow generation
of "heads" view a bit. For now, we do not save and use the deref hash.
Remove git_get_hash_by_ref while at it, as git_get_refs_list was the
only place it was used.
Signed-off-by: Jakub Narebski <jnareb@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Jakub Narebski [Thu, 14 Sep 2006 20:18:59 +0000 (22:18 +0200)]
gitweb: Use File::Find::find in git_get_projects_list
Earlier code to get list of projects when $projects_list is a
directory (e.g. when it is equal to $projectroot) had a hardcoded flat
(one level) list of directories. Allow for projects to be in
subdirectories also for $projects_list being a directory by using
File::Find.
Signed-off-by: Jakub Narebski <jnareb@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
It turns out that I actually wanted to avoid the filenames (because I
didn't care - I just wanted to see the context in which something was
used) when doing a grep. But since "git grep" didn't take the "-h"
parameter, I ended up having to do "grep -5 -h *.c" instead.
So here's a trivial patch that adds "-h" (and thus has to enable -H too)
to "git grep" parsing.
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Junio C Hamano [Wed, 13 Sep 2006 06:53:27 +0000 (23:53 -0700)]
http-fetch: fix alternates handling.
Fetch over http from a repository that uses alternates to borrow
from neighbouring repositories were quite broken, apparently for
some time now.
We parse input and count bytes to allocate the new buffer, and
when we copy into that buffer we know exactly how many bytes we
want to copy from where. Using strlcpy for it was simply
stupid, and the code forgot to take it into account that strlcpy
terminated the string with NUL.
Junio C Hamano [Wed, 13 Sep 2006 06:53:27 +0000 (23:53 -0700)]
http-fetch: fix alternates handling.
Fetch over http from a repository that uses alternates to borrow
from neighbouring repositories were quite broken, apparently for
some time now.
We parse input and count bytes to allocate the new buffer, and
when we copy into that buffer we know exactly how many bytes we
want to copy from where. Using strlcpy for it was simply
stupid, and the code forgot to take it into account that strlcpy
terminated the string with NUL.
Actually, teach runstatus what to do if it is not passed; it should not list
the contents of completely untracked directories, but only the name of that
directory (plus a trailing '/').
[jc: with comments by Jeff King to match hide-empty-directories
behaviour of the original.]
Signed-off-by: Johannes Schindelin <Johannes.Schindelin@gmx.de> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Junio C Hamano [Tue, 12 Sep 2006 07:26:57 +0000 (00:26 -0700)]
upload-archive: monitor child communication more carefully.
Franck noticed that the code around polling and relaying messages
from the child process was quite bogus. Here is an attempt to
clean it up a bit, based on his patch:
- When POLLHUP is set, it goes ahead and reads the file
descriptor. Worse yet, it does not check the return value of
read() for errors when it does.
- When we processed one POLLIN, we should just go back and see
if any more data is available. We can check if the child is
still there when poll gave control back at us but without any
actual input.
git_connect() can return 0 if we use git protocol for example.
Users of this function don't know and don't care if a process
had been created or not, and to avoid them to check it before
calling finish_connect() this patch allows finish_connect() to
take a null pid. And in that case return 0.
[jc: updated function signature of git_connect() with a comment on
its return value. ]
Signed-off-by: Franck Bui-Huu <vagabon.xyz@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Christian Couder [Mon, 11 Sep 2006 05:04:50 +0000 (07:04 +0200)]
Fix a memory leak in "connect.c" and die if command too long.
Use "add_to_string" instead of "sq_quote" and "snprintf", so
that there is no memory allocation and no memory leak.
Also check if the command is too long to fit into the buffer
and die if this is the case, instead of truncating it to the
buffer size.
Signed-off-by: Christian Couder <chriscool@tuxfamily.org> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Jakub Narebski [Sun, 10 Sep 2006 22:36:04 +0000 (00:36 +0200)]
gitweb: Paginate history output
git_history output is now divided into pages, like git_shortlog,
git_tags and git_heads output. As whole git-rev-list output is now
read into array before writing anything, it allows for better
signaling of errors.
Signed-off-by: Jakub Narebski <jnareb@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Jakub Narebski [Sun, 10 Sep 2006 22:29:27 +0000 (00:29 +0200)]
gitweb: Make pickaxe search a feature
As pickaxe search (selected using undocumented 'pickaxe:' operator in
search query) is resource consuming, allow to turn it on/off using
feature meachanism. Turned on by default, for historical reasons.
Signed-off-by: Jakub Narebski <jnareb@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: Junio C Hamano <junkio@cox.net>
Junio C Hamano [Sun, 10 Sep 2006 10:33:34 +0000 (03:33 -0700)]
Add sideband status report to git-archive protocol
Using the refactored sideband code from existing upload-pack protocol,
this lets the error condition and status output sent from the remote
process to be shown locally.
Junio C Hamano [Mon, 11 Sep 2006 00:58:45 +0000 (17:58 -0700)]
Merge branch 'jc/sideband' into jc/archive
* jc/sideband:
Prepare larger packet buffer for upload-pack protocol.
Move sideband server side support into reusable form.
Move sideband client side support into reusable form.
get_sha1_hex() micro-optimization
Junio C Hamano [Sun, 10 Sep 2006 23:27:08 +0000 (16:27 -0700)]
Prepare larger packet buffer for upload-pack protocol.
The original side-band support added to the upload-pack protocol used the
default 1000-byte packet length. The pkt-line format allows up to 64k, so
prepare the receiver for the maximum size, and have the uploader and
downloader negotiate if larger packet length is allowed.
Junio C Hamano [Sun, 10 Sep 2006 11:02:57 +0000 (04:02 -0700)]
Teach --exec to git-archive --remote
Some people needed --exec to specify the location of the upload-pack
executable, because their default SSH log-in does not include the
directory they have their own private copy of git on the $PATH.
These people need to be able to say --exec to git-archive --remote
for the same reason.