slub: don't panic for memcg kmem cache creation failure
Currently for CONFIG_SLUB, if a memcg kmem cache creation is failed and
the corresponding root kmem cache has SLAB_PANIC flag, the kernel will
be crashed. This is unnecessary as the kernel can handle the creation
failures of memcg kmem caches. Additionally CONFIG_SLAB does not
implement this behavior. So, to keep the behavior consistent between
SLAB and SLUB, removing the panic for memcg kmem cache creation
failures. The root kmem cache creation failure for SLAB_PANIC correctly
panics for both SLAB and SLUB.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190619232514.58994-1-shakeelb@google.com Reported-by: Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@intel.com> Signed-off-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com> Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Acked-by: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com> Cc: Alexey Dobriyan <adobriyan@gmail.com> Cc: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com> Cc: Roman Gushchin <guro@fb.com> Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org> Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
mm/slab: sanity-check page type when looking up cache
This avoids any possible type confusion when looking up an object. For
example, if a non-slab were to be passed to kfree(), the invalid
slab_cache pointer (i.e. overlapped with some other value from the
struct page union) would be used for subsequent slab manipulations that
could lead to further memory corruption.
Since the page is already in cache, adding the PageSlab() check will
have nearly zero cost, so add a check and WARN() to virt_to_cache().
Additionally replaces an open-coded virt_to_cache(). To support the
failure mode this also updates all callers of virt_to_cache() and
cache_from_obj() to handle a NULL cache pointer return value (though
note that several already handle this case gracefully).
[dan.carpenter@oracle.com: restore IRQs in kfree()] Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190613065637.GE16334@mwanda Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190530045017.15252-3-keescook@chromium.org Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org> Signed-off-by: Dan Carpenter <dan.carpenter@oracle.com> Cc: Alexander Popov <alex.popov@linux.com> Cc: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com> Cc: Christoph Lameter <cl@linux.com> Cc: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Cc: Joonsoo Kim <iamjoonsoo.kim@lge.com> Cc: Matthew Wilcox <willy@infradead.org> Cc: Pekka Enberg <penberg@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
mm/slab: validate cache membership under freelist hardening
Patch series "mm/slab: Improved sanity checking".
This adds defenses against slab cache confusion (as seen in real-world
exploits[1]) and gracefully handles type confusions when trying to look
up slab caches from an arbitrary page. (Also is patch 3: new LKDTM
tests for these defenses as well as for the existing double-free
detection.
This patch (of 3):
When building under CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_HARDENING, it makes sense to
perform sanity-checking on the assumed slab cache during
kmem_cache_free() to make sure the kernel doesn't mix freelists across
slab caches and corrupt memory (as seen in the exploitation of flaws
like CVE-2018-9568[1]). Note that the prior code might WARN() but still
corrupt memory (i.e. return the assumed cache instead of the owned
cache).
There is no noticeable performance impact (changes are within noise).
Measuring parallel kernel builds, I saw the following with
CONFIG_SLAB_FREELIST_HARDENED, before and after this patch:
ocfs2: use kmemdup rather than duplicating its implementation
kmemdup is introduced to duplicate a region of memory in a neat way.
Rather than kmalloc/kzalloc + memcpy, which the programmer needs to
write the size twice (sometimes lead to mistakes), kmemdup improves
readability, leads to smaller code and also reduce the chances of
mistakes.
Suggestion to use kmemdup rather than using kmalloc/kzalloc + memcpy.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: coding style fixes] Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190703163147.881-1-huangfq.daxian@gmail.com Signed-off-by: Fuqian Huang <huangfq.daxian@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: Joseph Qi <joseph.qi@linux.alibaba.com> Cc: Mark Fasheh <mark@fasheh.com> Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org> Cc: Junxiao Bi <junxiao.bi@oracle.com> Cc: Changwei Ge <gechangwei@live.cn> Cc: Gang He <ghe@suse.com> Cc: Jun Piao <piaojun@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
fs/ocfs2/dlmglue.c:4410:5-11: Unneeded variable: "status". Return "0" on line 4428
We can not change return type of ocfs2_downconvert_thread as its
registered as callback of kthread_create.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190702183237.GA13975@hari-Inspiron-1545 Signed-off-by: Hariprasad Kelam <hariprasad.kelam@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: Joseph Qi <joseph.qi@linux.alibaba.com> Cc: Mark Fasheh <mark@fasheh.com> Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org> Cc: Junxiao Bi <junxiao.bi@oracle.com> Cc: Changwei Ge <gechangwei@live.cn> Cc: Gang He <ghe@suse.com> Cc: Jun Piao <piaojun@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
ocfs: no need to check return value of debugfs_create functions
When calling debugfs functions, there is no need to ever check the
return value. The function can work or not, but the code logic should
never do something different based on this.
Also, because there is no need to save the file dentry, remove all of
the variables that were being saved, and just recursively delete the
whole directory when shutting down, saving a lot of logic and local
variables.
[gregkh@linuxfoundation.org: v2] Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190613055455.GE19717@kroah.com Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190612152912.GA19151@kroah.com Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Reviewed-by: Joseph Qi <joseph.qi@linux.alibaba.com> Cc: Mark Fasheh <mark@fasheh.com> Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org> Cc: Joseph Qi <joseph.qi@linux.alibaba.com> Cc: Jia Guo <guojia12@huawei.com> Cc: Junxiao Bi <junxiao.bi@oracle.com> Cc: Changwei Ge <gechangwei@live.cn> Cc: Gang He <ghe@suse.com> Cc: Jun Piao <piaojun@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Gang He [Fri, 12 Jul 2019 03:53:09 +0000 (20:53 -0700)]
ocfs2: add first lock wait time in locking_state
ocfs2 file system uses locking_state file under debugfs to dump each
ocfs2 file system's dlm lock resources, but the users ever encountered
some hang(deadlock) problems in ocfs2 file system. I'd like to add
first lock wait time in locking_state file, which can help the upper
scripts detect these deadlock problems via comparing the first lock wait
time with the current time.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190611015414.27754-3-ghe@suse.com Signed-off-by: Gang He <ghe@suse.com> Reviewed-by: Joseph Qi <joseph.qi@linux.alibaba.com> Cc: Mark Fasheh <mark@fasheh.com> Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org> Cc: Junxiao Bi <junxiao.bi@oracle.com> Cc: Changwei Ge <gechangwei@live.cn> Cc: Gang He <ghe@suse.com> Cc: Jun Piao <piaojun@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Gang He [Fri, 12 Jul 2019 03:53:05 +0000 (20:53 -0700)]
ocfs2: add locking filter debugfs file
Add locking filter debugfs file, which is used to filter lock resources
dump from locking_state debugfs file. We use d_filter_secs field to
filter lock resources dump, the default d_filter_secs(0) value filters
nothing, otherwise, only dump the last N seconds active lock resources.
This enhancement can avoid dumping lots of old records. The
d_filter_secs value can be changed via locking_filter file.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix undefined reference to `__udivdi3'] Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190611015414.27754-2-ghe@suse.com Signed-off-by: Gang He <ghe@suse.com> Reviewed-by: Joseph Qi <joseph.qi@linux.alibaba.com> Acked-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org> [build-tested] Cc: Mark Fasheh <mark@fasheh.com> Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org> Cc: Junxiao Bi <junxiao.bi@oracle.com> Cc: Changwei Ge <gechangwei@live.cn> Cc: Gang He <ghe@suse.com> Cc: Jun Piao <piaojun@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Gang He [Fri, 12 Jul 2019 03:53:02 +0000 (20:53 -0700)]
ocfs2: add last unlock times in locking_state
ocfs2 file system uses locking_state file under debugfs to dump each
ocfs2 file system's dlm lock resources, but the dlm lock resources in
memory are becoming more and more after the files were touched by the
user. it will become a bit difficult to analyze these dlm lock resource
records in locking_state file by the upper scripts, though some files
are not active for now, which were accessed long time ago.
Then, I'd like to add last pr/ex unlock times in locking_state file for
each dlm lock resource record, the the upper scripts can use last unlock
time to filter inactive dlm lock resource record.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190611015414.27754-1-ghe@suse.com Signed-off-by: Gang He <ghe@suse.com> Reviewed-by: Joseph Qi <joseph.qi@linux.alibaba.com> Cc: Mark Fasheh <mark@fasheh.com> Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org> Cc: Junxiao Bi <junxiao.bi@oracle.com> Cc: Changwei Ge <gechangwei@live.cn> Cc: Gang He <ghe@suse.com> Cc: Jun Piao <piaojun@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
One of the more common cases of allocation size calculations is finding
the size of a structure that has a zero-sized array at the end, along
with memory for some number of elements for that array. For example:
Notice that, in this case, variable sz is not necessary, hence it is
removed.
This code was detected with the help of Coccinelle.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190605204926.GA24467@embeddedor Signed-off-by: Gustavo A. R. Silva <gustavo@embeddedor.com> Reviewed-by: Joseph Qi <joseph.qi@linux.alibaba.com> Cc: Mark Fasheh <mark@fasheh.com> Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org> Cc: Junxiao Bi <junxiao.bi@oracle.com> Cc: Changwei Ge <gechangwei@live.cn> Cc: Gang He <ghe@suse.com> Cc: Jun Piao <piaojun@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/1558964623-106628-1-git-send-email-cg.chen@huawei.com Signed-off-by: ChenGang <cg.chen@huawei.com> Cc: Mark Fasheh <mark@fasheh.com> Cc: Joel Becker <jlbec@evilplan.org> Cc: Junxiao Bi <junxiao.bi@oracle.com> Cc: Joseph Qi <jiangqi903@gmail.com> Cc: Changwei Ge <gechangwei@live.cn> Cc: Gang He <ghe@suse.com> Cc: Jun Piao <piaojun@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
CONFIG_BACKLIGHT_LCD_SUPPORT was removed in 8c5dc8d9f19c ("video:
backlight: Remove useless BACKLIGHT_LCD_SUPPORT kernel symbol").
Options protected by CONFIG_BACKLIGHT_LCD_SUPPORT are now available
directly.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190603191925.20659-1-krzk@kernel.org Signed-off-by: Krzysztof Kozlowski <krzk@kernel.org> Cc: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp> Cc: Rich Felker <dalias@libc.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Colin Ian King [Fri, 12 Jul 2019 03:52:42 +0000 (20:52 -0700)]
scripts/spelling.txt: add more spellings to spelling.txt
Here are some of the more common spelling mistakes and typos that I've
found while fixing up spelling mistakes in the kernel over the past few
months. Developers keep on coming up with more inventive ways to spell
words.
Evan Green [Fri, 12 Jul 2019 03:52:39 +0000 (20:52 -0700)]
scripts/decode_stacktrace: Accept dash/underscore in modules
The manpage for modprobe mentions that dashes and underscores are
treated interchangeably in module names. The stack trace dumps seem to
print module names with underscores. Use bash to replace _ with the
pattern [-_] so that file names with dashes or underscores can be found.
For example, this line:
[ 27.919759] hda_widget_sysfs_init+0x2b8/0x3a5 [snd_hda_core]
should find a module named snd-hda-core.ko.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190531205926.42474-1-evgreen@chromium.org Signed-off-by: Evan Green <evgreen@chromium.org> Reviewed-by: Douglas Anderson <dianders@chromium.org> Acked-by: Konstantin Khlebnikov <khlebnikov@yandex-team.ru> Cc: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au> Cc: Douglas Anderson <dianders@chromium.org> Cc: Evan Green <evgreen@chromium.org> Cc: Nicolas Boichat <drinkcat@chromium.org> Cc: Marc Zyngier <marc.zyngier@arm.com> Cc: Manuel Traut <manut@linutronix.de> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Chris Paterson [Fri, 12 Jul 2019 03:52:36 +0000 (20:52 -0700)]
scripts/spelling.txt: add spelling fix for prohibited
Misspelling 'prohibited' is quite common in the real world, although
surprisingly not so much in the Linux Kernel. In addition to fixing the
typo we may as well add it to the spelling checker.
Also adding the present participle (prohibiting).
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190514153341.22540-1-chris.paterson2@renesas.com Fixes: 5bf2fbbef50c ("clk: renesas: cpg-mssr: Add r8a77470 support") Signed-off-by: Chris Paterson <chris.paterson2@renesas.com> Acked-by: Stephen Boyd <sboyd@kernel.org> Acked-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert+renesas@glider.be> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Paul Walmsley [Fri, 12 Jul 2019 03:52:33 +0000 (20:52 -0700)]
scripts/spelling.txt: drop "sepc" from the misspelling list
The RISC-V architecture has a register named the "Supervisor Exception
Program Counter", or "sepc". This abbreviation triggers checkpatch.pl's
misspelling detector, resulting in noise in the checkpatch output. The
risk that this noise could cause more useful warnings to be missed seems
to outweigh the harm of an occasional misspelling of "spec". Thus drop
the "sepc" entry from the misspelling list.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix existing "sepc" instances, per Joe] Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190518210037.13674-1-paul.walmsley@sifive.com Signed-off-by: Paul Walmsley <paul.walmsley@sifive.com> Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Nicolas Boichat [Fri, 12 Jul 2019 03:52:27 +0000 (20:52 -0700)]
scripts/decode_stacktrace: match basepath using shell prefix operator, not regex
The basepath may contain special characters, which would confuse the regex
matcher. ${var#prefix} does the right thing.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190518055946.181563-1-drinkcat@chromium.org Fixes: 67a28de47faa8358 ("scripts/decode_stacktrace: only strip base path when a prefix of the path") Signed-off-by: Nicolas Boichat <drinkcat@chromium.org> Reviewed-by: Stephen Boyd <swboyd@chromium.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
nilfs2: do not use unexported cpu_to_le32()/le32_to_cpu() in uapi header
cpu_to_le32/le32_to_cpu is defined in include/linux/byteorder/generic.h,
which is not exported to user-space.
UAPI headers must use the ones prefixed with double-underscore.
Detected by compile-testing exported headers:
include/linux/nilfs2_ondisk.h: In function `nilfs_checkpoint_set_snapshot':
include/linux/nilfs2_ondisk.h:536:17: error: implicit declaration of function `cpu_to_le32' [-Werror=implicit-function-declaration]
cp->cp_flags = cpu_to_le32(le32_to_cpu(cp->cp_flags) | \
^
include/linux/nilfs2_ondisk.h:552:1: note: in expansion of macro `NILFS_CHECKPOINT_FNS'
NILFS_CHECKPOINT_FNS(SNAPSHOT, snapshot)
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
include/linux/nilfs2_ondisk.h:536:29: error: implicit declaration of function `le32_to_cpu' [-Werror=implicit-function-declaration]
cp->cp_flags = cpu_to_le32(le32_to_cpu(cp->cp_flags) | \
^
include/linux/nilfs2_ondisk.h:552:1: note: in expansion of macro `NILFS_CHECKPOINT_FNS'
NILFS_CHECKPOINT_FNS(SNAPSHOT, snapshot)
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
include/linux/nilfs2_ondisk.h: In function `nilfs_segment_usage_set_clean':
include/linux/nilfs2_ondisk.h:622:19: error: implicit declaration of function `cpu_to_le64' [-Werror=implicit-function-declaration]
su->su_lastmod = cpu_to_le64(0);
^~~~~~~~~~~
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190605053006.14332-1-yamada.masahiro@socionext.com Fixes: e63e88bc53ba ("nilfs2: move ioctl interface and disk layout to uapi separately") Signed-off-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com> Acked-by: Ryusuke Konishi <konishi.ryusuke@gmail.com> Cc: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de> Cc: Greg KH <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> Cc: Joe Perches <joe@perches.com> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> [4.9+] Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Henry Burns [Fri, 12 Jul 2019 03:52:14 +0000 (20:52 -0700)]
mm/z3fold.c: lock z3fold page before __SetPageMovable()
Following zsmalloc.c's example we call trylock_page() and unlock_page().
Also make z3fold_page_migrate() assert that newpage is passed in locked,
as per the documentation.
[akpm@linux-foundation.org: fix trylock_page return value test, per Shakeel] Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190702005122.41036-1-henryburns@google.com Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190702233538.52793-1-henryburns@google.com Signed-off-by: Henry Burns <henryburns@google.com> Suggested-by: Vitaly Wool <vitalywool@gmail.com> Acked-by: Vitaly Wool <vitalywool@gmail.com> Acked-by: David Rientjes <rientjes@google.com> Reviewed-by: Shakeel Butt <shakeelb@google.com> Cc: Vitaly Vul <vitaly.vul@sony.com> Cc: Mike Rapoport <rppt@linux.vnet.ibm.com> Cc: Xidong Wang <wangxidong_97@163.com> Cc: Jonathan Adams <jwadams@google.com> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
mm/memcontrol: fix wrong statistics in memory.stat
When we calculate total statistics for memcg1_stats and memcg1_events,
we use the the index 'i' in the for loop as the events index. Actually
we should use memcg1_stats[i] and memcg1_events[i] as the events index.
mm/nvdimm: add is_ioremap_addr and use that to check ioremap address
Architectures like powerpc use different address range to map ioremap
and vmalloc range. The memunmap() check used by the nvdimm layer was
wrongly using is_vmalloc_addr() to check for ioremap range which fails
for ppc64. This result in ppc64 not freeing the ioremap mapping. The
side effect of this is an unbind failure during module unload with
papr_scm nvdimm driver
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190701134038.14165-1-aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com Signed-off-by: Aneesh Kumar K.V <aneesh.kumar@linux.ibm.com> Fixes: b5beae5e224f ("powerpc/pseries: Add driver for PAPR SCM regions") Cc: Dan Williams <dan.j.williams@intel.com> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Kuo-Hsin Yang [Fri, 12 Jul 2019 03:52:04 +0000 (20:52 -0700)]
mm: vmscan: scan anonymous pages on file refaults
When file refaults are detected and there are many inactive file pages,
the system never reclaim anonymous pages, the file pages are dropped
aggressively when there are still a lot of cold anonymous pages and
system thrashes. This issue impacts the performance of applications
with large executable, e.g. chrome.
With this patch, when file refault is detected, inactive_list_is_low()
always returns true for file pages in get_scan_count() to enable
scanning anonymous pages.
The problem can be reproduced by the following test program.
---8<---
void fallocate_file(const char *filename, off_t size)
{
struct stat st;
int fd;
if (!stat(filename, &st) && st.st_size >= size)
return;
long *alloc_anon(long size)
{
long *start = malloc(size);
memset(start, 1, size);
return start;
}
long access_file(const char *filename, long size, long rounds)
{
int fd, i;
volatile char *start1, *end1, *start2;
const int page_size = getpagesize();
long sum = 0;
/*
* Some applications, e.g. chrome, use a lot of executable file
* pages, map some of the pages with PROT_EXEC flag to simulate
* the behavior.
*/
start1 = mmap(NULL, size / 2, PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC, MAP_SHARED,
fd, 0);
if (start1 == MAP_FAILED) {
perror("mmap");
exit(1);
}
end1 = start1 + size / 2;
Running the test program on 2GB RAM VM with kernel 5.2.0-rc5, the program
fills ram with 2048 MB memory, access a 200 MB file for 10 times. Without
this patch, the file cache is dropped aggresively and every access to the
file is from disk.
$ ./thrash 2048 200 10
Allocate 2048 MB anonymous pages
Access 200 MB file pages
File access time, round 0: 2.489316 (sec)
File access time, round 1: 2.581277 (sec)
File access time, round 2: 2.487624 (sec)
File access time, round 3: 2.449100 (sec)
File access time, round 4: 2.420423 (sec)
File access time, round 5: 2.343411 (sec)
File access time, round 6: 2.454833 (sec)
File access time, round 7: 2.483398 (sec)
File access time, round 8: 2.572701 (sec)
File access time, round 9: 2.493014 (sec)
With this patch, these file pages can be cached.
$ ./thrash 2048 200 10
Allocate 2048 MB anonymous pages
Access 200 MB file pages
File access time, round 0: 2.475189 (sec)
File access time, round 1: 2.440777 (sec)
File access time, round 2: 2.411671 (sec)
File access time, round 3: 1.955267 (sec)
File access time, round 4: 0.029924 (sec)
File access time, round 5: 0.000808 (sec)
File access time, round 6: 0.000771 (sec)
File access time, round 7: 0.000746 (sec)
File access time, round 8: 0.000738 (sec)
File access time, round 9: 0.000747 (sec)
Checked the swap out stats during the test [1], 19006 pages swapped out
with this patch, 3418 pages swapped out without this patch. There are
more swap out, but I think it's within reasonable range when file backed
data set doesn't fit into the memory.
With 4 processes accessing non-overlapping parts of a large file, 30316
pages swapped out with this patch, 5152 pages swapped out without this
patch. The swapout number is small comparing to pgpgin.
Link: http://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190701081038.GA83398@google.com Fixes: e9868505987a ("mm,vmscan: only evict file pages when we have plenty") Fixes: 7c5bd705d8f9 ("mm: memcg: only evict file pages when we have plenty") Signed-off-by: Kuo-Hsin Yang <vovoy@chromium.org> Acked-by: Johannes Weiner <hannes@cmpxchg.org> Cc: Michal Hocko <mhocko@suse.com> Cc: Sonny Rao <sonnyrao@chromium.org> Cc: Mel Gorman <mgorman@techsingularity.net> Cc: Rik van Riel <riel@redhat.com> Cc: Vladimir Davydov <vdavydov.dev@gmail.com> Cc: Minchan Kim <minchan@kernel.org> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> [4.12+] Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Merge branch 'x86-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip
Pull x86 fixes from Thomas Gleixner:
"A collection of assorted fixes:
- Fix for the pinned cr0/4 fallout which escaped all testing efforts
because the kvm-intel module was never loaded when the kernel was
compiled with CONFIG_PARAVIRT=n. The cr0/4 accessors are moved out
of line and static key is now solely used in the core code and
therefore can stay in the RO after init section. So the kvm-intel
and other modules do not longer reference the (read only) static
key which the module loader tried to update.
- Prevent an infinite loop in arch_stack_walk_user() by breaking out
of the loop once the return address is detected to be 0.
- Prevent the int3_emulate_call() selftest from corrupting the stack
when KASAN is enabled. KASASN clobbers more registers than covered
by the emulated call implementation. Convert the int3_magic()
selftest to a ASM function so the compiler cannot KASANify it.
- Unbreak the build with old GCC versions and with the Gold linker by
reverting the 'Move of _etext to the actual end of .text'. In both
cases the build fails with 'Invalid absolute R_X86_64_32S
relocation: _etext'
- Initialize the context lock for init_mm, which was never an issue
until the alternatives code started to use a temporary mm for
patching.
- Fix a build warning vs. the LOWMEM_PAGES constant where clang
complains rightfully about a signed integer overflow in the shift
operation by converting the operand to an ULL.
- Adjust the misnamed ENDPROC() of common_spurious in the 32bit entry
code"
* 'x86-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
x86/stacktrace: Prevent infinite loop in arch_stack_walk_user()
x86/asm: Move native_write_cr0/4() out of line
x86/pgtable/32: Fix LOWMEM_PAGES constant
x86/alternatives: Fix int3_emulate_call() selftest stack corruption
x86/entry/32: Fix ENDPROC of common_spurious
Revert "x86/build: Move _etext to actual end of .text"
x86/ldt: Initialize the context lock for init_mm
Merge branch 'timers-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip
Pull timer fixes from Thomas Gleixner:
"Two small fixes from the timer departement:
- Prevent the compiler from converting the nanoseconds adjustment
loop in the VDSO update function to a division (__udivdi3) by using
the __iter_div_u64_rem() inline function which exists to prevent
exactly that problem.
- Fix the wrong argument order of the GENMASK macro in the NPCM timer
driver"
* 'timers-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
timekeeping/vsyscall: Use __iter_div_u64_rem()
clocksource/drivers/npcm: Fix misuse of GENMASK macro
Merge branch 'irq-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip
Pull irq fixes from Thomas Gleixner:
"Two small fixes for interrupt chip drivers:
- Prevent UAF in the new RZA1 chip driver
- Fix the wrong argument order of the GENMASK macro in the GIC code"
* 'irq-urgent-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip:
irqchip/gic-v3-its: Fix misuse of GENMASK macro
irqchip/renesas-rza1: Prevent use-after-free in rza1_irqc_probe()
Pull networking updates from David Miller:
"Some highlights from this development cycle:
1) Big refactoring of ipv6 route and neigh handling to support
nexthop objects configurable as units from userspace. From David
Ahern.
2) Convert explored_states in BPF verifier into a hash table,
significantly decreased state held for programs with bpf2bpf
calls, from Alexei Starovoitov.
3) Implement bpf_send_signal() helper, from Yonghong Song.
4) Various classifier enhancements to mvpp2 driver, from Maxime
Chevallier.
5) Add aRFS support to hns3 driver, from Jian Shen.
6) Fix use after free in inet frags by allocating fqdirs dynamically
and reworking how rhashtable dismantle occurs, from Eric Dumazet.
7) Add act_ctinfo packet classifier action, from Kevin
Darbyshire-Bryant.
8) Add TFO key backup infrastructure, from Jason Baron.
9) Remove several old and unused ISDN drivers, from Arnd Bergmann.
10) Add devlink notifications for flash update status to mlxsw driver,
from Jiri Pirko.
11) Lots of kTLS offload infrastructure fixes, from Jakub Kicinski.
12) Add support for mv88e6250 DSA chips, from Rasmus Villemoes.
13) Various enhancements to ipv6 flow label handling, from Eric
Dumazet and Willem de Bruijn.
14) Support TLS offload in nfp driver, from Jakub Kicinski, Dirk van
der Merwe, and others.
15) Various improvements to axienet driver including converting it to
phylink, from Robert Hancock.
16) Add PTP support to sja1105 DSA driver, from Vladimir Oltean.
17) Add mqprio qdisc offload support to dpaa2-eth, from Ioana
Radulescu.
18) Add devlink health reporting to mlx5, from Moshe Shemesh.
19) Convert stmmac over to phylink, from Jose Abreu.
20) Add PTP PHC (Physical Hardware Clock) support to mlxsw, from
Shalom Toledo.
21) Add nftables SYNPROXY support, from Fernando Fernandez Mancera.
22) Convert tcp_fastopen over to use SipHash, from Ard Biesheuvel.
23) Track spill/fill of constants in BPF verifier, from Alexei
Starovoitov.
24) Support bounded loops in BPF, from Alexei Starovoitov.
25) Various page_pool API fixes and improvements, from Jesper Dangaard
Brouer.
26) Just like ipv4, support ref-countless ipv6 route handling. From
Wei Wang.
27) Support VLAN offloading in aquantia driver, from Igor Russkikh.
28) Add AF_XDP zero-copy support to mlx5, from Maxim Mikityanskiy.
29) Add flower GRE encap/decap support to nfp driver, from Pieter
Jansen van Vuuren.
30) Protect against stack overflow when using act_mirred, from John
Hurley.
31) Allow devmap map lookups from eBPF, from Toke Høiland-Jørgensen.
32) Use page_pool API in netsec driver, Ilias Apalodimas.
33) Add Google gve network driver, from Catherine Sullivan.
34) More indirect call avoidance, from Paolo Abeni.
35) Add kTLS TX HW offload support to mlx5, from Tariq Toukan.
36) Add XDP_REDIRECT support to bnxt_en, from Andy Gospodarek.
37) Add MPLS manipulation actions to TC, from John Hurley.
38) Add sending a packet to connection tracking from TC actions, and
then allow flower classifier matching on conntrack state. From
Paul Blakey.
39) Netfilter hw offload support, from Pablo Neira Ayuso"
* git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/davem/net-next: (2080 commits)
net/mlx5e: Return in default case statement in tx_post_resync_params
mlx5: Return -EINVAL when WARN_ON_ONCE triggers in mlx5e_tls_resync().
net: dsa: add support for BRIDGE_MROUTER attribute
pkt_sched: Include const.h
net: netsec: remove static declaration for netsec_set_tx_de()
net: netsec: remove superfluous if statement
netfilter: nf_tables: add hardware offload support
net: flow_offload: rename tc_cls_flower_offload to flow_cls_offload
net: flow_offload: add flow_block_cb_is_busy() and use it
net: sched: remove tcf block API
drivers: net: use flow block API
net: sched: use flow block API
net: flow_offload: add flow_block_cb_{priv, incref, decref}()
net: flow_offload: add list handling functions
net: flow_offload: add flow_block_cb_alloc() and flow_block_cb_free()
net: flow_offload: rename TCF_BLOCK_BINDER_TYPE_* to FLOW_BLOCK_BINDER_TYPE_*
net: flow_offload: rename TC_BLOCK_{UN}BIND to FLOW_BLOCK_{UN}BIND
net: flow_offload: add flow_block_cb_setup_simple()
net: hisilicon: Add an tx_desc to adapt HI13X1_GMAC
net: hisilicon: Add an rx_desc to adapt HI13X1_GMAC
...
Merge tag 'clone3-v5.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/brauner/linux
Pull clone3 system call from Christian Brauner:
"This adds the clone3 syscall which is an extensible successor to clone
after we snagged the last flag with CLONE_PIDFD during the 5.2 merge
window for clone(). It cleanly supports all of the flags from clone()
and thus all legacy workloads.
There are few user visible differences between clone3 and clone.
First, CLONE_DETACHED will cause EINVAL with clone3 so we can reuse
this flag. Second, the CSIGNAL flag is deprecated and will cause
EINVAL to be reported. It is superseeded by a dedicated "exit_signal"
argument in struct clone_args thus freeing up even more flags. And
third, clone3 gives CLONE_PIDFD a dedicated return argument in struct
clone_args instead of abusing CLONE_PARENT_SETTID's parent_tidptr
argument.
The clone3 uapi is designed to be easy to handle on 32- and 64 bit:
and a separate kernel struct is used that uses proper kernel typing:
/* kernel internal */
struct kernel_clone_args {
u64 flags;
int __user *pidfd;
int __user *child_tid;
int __user *parent_tid;
int exit_signal;
unsigned long stack;
unsigned long stack_size;
unsigned long tls;
};
The system call comes with a size argument which enables the kernel to
detect what version of clone_args userspace is passing in. clone3
validates that any additional bytes a given kernel does not know about
are set to zero and that the size never exceeds a page.
A nice feature is that this patchset allowed us to cleanup and
simplify various core kernel codepaths in kernel/fork.c by making the
internal _do_fork() function take struct kernel_clone_args even for
legacy clone().
This patch also unblocks the time namespace patchset which wants to
introduce a new CLONE_TIMENS flag.
Note, that clone3 has only been wired up for x86{_32,64}, arm{64}, and
xtensa. These were the architectures that did not require special
massaging.
Other architectures treat fork-like system calls individually and
after some back and forth neither Arnd nor I felt confident that we
dared to add clone3 unconditionally to all architectures. We agreed to
leave this up to individual architecture maintainers. This is why
there's an additional patch that introduces __ARCH_WANT_SYS_CLONE3
which any architecture can set once it has implemented support for
clone3. The patch also adds a cond_syscall(clone3) for architectures
such as nios2 or h8300 that generate their syscall table by simply
including asm-generic/unistd.h. The hope is to get rid of
__ARCH_WANT_SYS_CLONE3 and cond_syscall() rather soon"
* tag 'clone3-v5.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/brauner/linux:
arch: handle arches who do not yet define clone3
arch: wire-up clone3() syscall
fork: add clone3
Merge tag 'pidfd-updates-v5.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/brauner/linux
Pull pidfd updates from Christian Brauner:
"This adds two main features.
- First, it adds polling support for pidfds. This allows process
managers to know when a (non-parent) process dies in a race-free
way.
The notification mechanism used follows the same logic that is
currently used when the parent of a task is notified of a child's
death. With this patchset it is possible to put pidfds in an
{e}poll loop and get reliable notifications for process (i.e.
thread-group) exit.
- The second feature compliments the first one by making it possible
to retrieve pollable pidfds for processes that were not created
using CLONE_PIDFD.
A lot of processes get created with traditional PID-based calls
such as fork() or clone() (without CLONE_PIDFD). For these
processes a caller can currently not create a pollable pidfd. This
is a problem for Android's low memory killer (LMK) and service
managers such as systemd.
Both patchsets are accompanied by selftests.
It's perhaps worth noting that the work done so far and the work done
in this branch for pidfd_open() and polling support do already see
some adoption:
- Android is in the process of backporting this work to all their LTS
kernels [1]
- Service managers make use of pidfd_send_signal but will need to
wait until we enable waiting on pidfds for full adoption.
- And projects I maintain make use of both pidfd_send_signal and
CLONE_PIDFD [2] and will use polling support and pidfd_open() too"
Merge tag 'm68k-for-v5.3-tag2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/geert/linux-m68k
Pull m68k fix from Geert Uytterhoeven:
"Don't select ARCH_HAS_DMA_PREP_COHERENT for nommu or coldfire.
This is a fix for an issue detected in next, to avoid introducing
build failures when merging Christoph's dma-mapping tree later"
* tag 'm68k-for-v5.3-tag2' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/geert/linux-m68k:
m68k: Don't select ARCH_HAS_DMA_PREP_COHERENT for nommu or coldfire
Merge branch 'for-next' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gerg/m68knommu
Pull m68nommu updates from Greg Ungerer:
"A series of cleanups for the FLAT format binary loader, binfmt_flat,
from Christoph.
The end goal is to support no-MMU on RISC-V, and the last patch
enables that"
* 'for-next' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gerg/m68knommu:
riscv: add binfmt_flat support
binfmt_flat: don't offset the data start
binfmt_flat: move the MAX_SHARED_LIBS definition to binfmt_flat.c
binfmt_flat: remove the persistent argument from flat_get_addr_from_rp
binfmt_flat: provide an asm-generic/flat.h
binfmt_flat: make support for old format binaries optional
binfmt_flat: add a ARCH_HAS_BINFMT_FLAT option
binfmt_flat: add endianess annotations
binfmt_flat: use fixed size type for the on-disk format
binfmt_flat: consolidate two version of flat_v2_reloc_t
binfmt_flat: remove the unused OLD_FLAT_FLAG_RAM definition
binfmt_flat: remove the uapi <linux/flat.h> header
binfmt_flat: replace flat_argvp_envp_on_stack with a Kconfig variable
binfmt_flat: remove flat_old_ram_flag
binfmt_flat: provide a default version of flat_get_relocate_addr
binfmt_flat: remove flat_set_persistent
binfmt_flat: remove flat_reloc_valid
Merge tag 'nfsd-5.3' of git://linux-nfs.org/~bfields/linux
Pull nfsd updates from Bruce Fields:
"Highlights:
- Add a new /proc/fs/nfsd/clients/ directory which exposes some
long-requested information about NFSv4 clients (like open files)
and allows forced revocation of client state.
- Replace the global duplicate reply cache by a cache per network
namespace; previously, a request in one network namespace could
incorrectly match an entry from another, though we haven't seen
this in production. This is the last remaining container bug that
I'm aware of; at this point you should be able to run separate
nfsd's in each network namespace, each with their own set of
exports, and everything should work.
- Cleanup and modify lock code to show the pid of lockd as the owner
of NLM locks. This is the correct version of the bugfix originally
attempted in b8eee0e90f97 ("lockd: Show pid of lockd for remote
locks")"
* tag 'nfsd-5.3' of git://linux-nfs.org/~bfields/linux: (34 commits)
nfsd: Make __get_nfsdfs_client() static
nfsd: Make two functions static
nfsd: Fix misuse of strlcpy
sunrpc/cache: remove the exporting of cache_seq_next
nfsd: decode implementation id
nfsd: create xdr_netobj_dup helper
nfsd: allow forced expiration of NFSv4 clients
nfsd: create get_nfsdfs_clp helper
nfsd4: show layout stateids
nfsd: show lock and deleg stateids
nfsd4: add file to display list of client's opens
nfsd: add more information to client info file
nfsd: escape high characters in binary data
nfsd: copy client's address including port number to cl_addr
nfsd4: add a client info file
nfsd: make client/ directory names small ints
nfsd: add nfsd/clients directory
nfsd4: use reference count to free client
nfsd: rename cl_refcount
nfsd: persist nfsd filesystem across mounts
...
Merge tag 'gfs2-for-5.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gfs2/linux-gfs2
Pull gfs2 updates from Andreas Gruenbacher:
"Some relatively minor changes for gfs2:
- An initial batch of obvious cleanups and fixes from Bob's recovery
patch queue.
- Two iomap conversion patches and some cleanups from Christoph
Hellwig.
- A cosmetic cleanup from Kefeng Wang (Huawei).
- Another minor fix and cleanup by me"
* tag 'gfs2-for-5.3' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/gfs2/linux-gfs2:
gfs2: Remove unused gfs2_iomap_alloc argument
gfs2: don't use buffer_heads in gfs2_allocate_page_backing
gfs2: use iomap_bmap instead of generic_block_bmap
gfs2: mark stuffed_readpage static
gfs2: merge gfs2_writepage_common into gfs2_writepage
gfs2: merge gfs2_writeback_aops and gfs2_ordered_aops
gfs2: remove the unused gfs2_stuffed_write_end function
gfs2: use page_offset in gfs2_page_mkwrite
gfs2: replace more printk with calls to fs_info and friends
gfs2: dump fsid when dumping glock problems
gfs2: simplify gfs2_freeze by removing case
gfs2: Rename SDF_SHUTDOWN to SDF_WITHDRAWN
gfs2: Warn when a journal replay overwrites a rgrp with buffers
gfs2: log which portion of the journal is replayed
gfs2: eliminate tr_num_revoke_rm
gfs2: kthread and remount improvements
gfs2: Use IS_ERR_OR_NULL
gfs2: Clean up freeing struct gfs2_sbd
Merge tag 'ext4_for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4
Pull ext4 updates from Ted Ts'o:
"Many bug fixes and cleanups, and an optimization for case-insensitive
lookups"
* tag 'ext4_for_linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tytso/ext4:
ext4: fix coverity warning on error path of filename setup
ext4: replace ktype default_attrs with default_groups
ext4: rename htree_inline_dir_to_tree() to ext4_inlinedir_to_tree()
ext4: refactor initialize_dirent_tail()
ext4: rename "dirent_csum" functions to use "dirblock"
ext4: allow directory holes
jbd2: drop declaration of journal_sync_buffer()
ext4: use jbd2_inode dirty range scoping
jbd2: introduce jbd2_inode dirty range scoping
mm: add filemap_fdatawait_range_keep_errors()
ext4: remove redundant assignment to node
ext4: optimize case-insensitive lookups
ext4: make __ext4_get_inode_loc plug
ext4: clean up kerneldoc warnigns when building with W=1
ext4: only set project inherit bit for directory
ext4: enforce the immutable flag on open files
ext4: don't allow any modifications to an immutable file
jbd2: fix typo in comment of journal_submit_inode_data_buffers
jbd2: fix some print format mistakes
ext4: gracefully handle ext4_break_layouts() failure during truncate
Merge tag 'afs-next-20190628' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dhowells/linux-fs
Pull afs updates from David Howells:
"A set of minor changes for AFS:
- Remove an unnecessary check in afs_unlink()
- Add a tracepoint for tracking callback management
- Add a tracepoint for afs_server object usage
- Use struct_size()
- Add mappings for AFS UAE abort codes to Linux error codes, using
symbolic names rather than hex numbers in the .c file"
* tag 'afs-next-20190628' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dhowells/linux-fs:
afs: Add support for the UAE error table
fs/afs: use struct_size() in kzalloc()
afs: Trace afs_server usage
afs: Add some callback management tracepoints
afs: afs_unlink() doesn't need to check dentry->d_inode
Merge tag 'fscrypt-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/fscrypt/fscrypt
Pull fscrypt updates from Eric Biggers:
- Preparations for supporting encryption on ext4 filesystems where the
filesystem block size is smaller than PAGE_SIZE.
- Don't allow setting encryption policies on dead directories.
- Various cleanups.
* tag 'fscrypt-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/fscrypt/fscrypt:
fscrypt: document testing with xfstests
fscrypt: remove selection of CONFIG_CRYPTO_SHA256
fscrypt: remove unnecessary includes of ratelimit.h
fscrypt: don't set policy for a dead directory
ext4: encrypt only up to last block in ext4_bio_write_page()
ext4: decrypt only the needed block in __ext4_block_zero_page_range()
ext4: decrypt only the needed blocks in ext4_block_write_begin()
ext4: clear BH_Uptodate flag on decryption error
fscrypt: decrypt only the needed blocks in __fscrypt_decrypt_bio()
fscrypt: support decrypting multiple filesystem blocks per page
fscrypt: introduce fscrypt_decrypt_block_inplace()
fscrypt: handle blocksize < PAGE_SIZE in fscrypt_zeroout_range()
fscrypt: support encrypting multiple filesystem blocks per page
fscrypt: introduce fscrypt_encrypt_block_inplace()
fscrypt: clean up some BUG_ON()s in block encryption/decryption
fscrypt: rename fscrypt_do_page_crypto() to fscrypt_crypt_block()
fscrypt: remove the "write" part of struct fscrypt_ctx
fscrypt: simplify bounce page handling
Merge tag 'copy-file-range-fixes-1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfs-linux
Pull copy_file_range updates from Darrick Wong:
"This fixes numerous parameter checking problems and inconsistent
behaviors in the new(ish) copy_file_range system call.
Now the system call will actually check its range parameters
correctly; refuse to copy into files for which the caller does not
have sufficient privileges; update mtime and strip setuid like file
writes are supposed to do; and allows copying up to the EOF of the
source file instead of failing the call like we used to.
Summary:
- Create a generic copy_file_range handler and make individual
filesystems responsible for calling it (i.e. no more assuming that
do_splice_direct will work or is appropriate)
- Refactor copy_file_range and remap_range parameter checking where
they are the same
- Remove suid/sgid and update mtime like any other file write
- Change the behavior so that a copy range crossing the source file's
eof will result in a short copy to the source file's eof instead of
EINVAL
- Permit filesystems to decide if they want to handle
cross-superblock copy_file_range in their local handlers"
* tag 'copy-file-range-fixes-1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfs-linux:
fuse: copy_file_range needs to strip setuid bits and update timestamps
vfs: allow copy_file_range to copy across devices
xfs: use file_modified() helper
vfs: introduce file_modified() helper
vfs: add missing checks to copy_file_range
vfs: remove redundant checks from generic_remap_checks()
vfs: introduce generic_file_rw_checks()
vfs: no fallback for ->copy_file_range
vfs: introduce generic_copy_file_range()
Merge tag 'iomap-5.3-merge-1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfs-linux
Pull iomap updates from Darrick Wong:
"There are a few fixes for gfs2 but otherwise it's pretty quiet so far.
- Only mark inode dirty at the end of writing to a file (instead of
once for every page written).
- Fix for an accounting error in the page_done callback"
* tag 'iomap-5.3-merge-1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfs-linux:
iomap: fix page_done callback for short writes
fs: fold __generic_write_end back into generic_write_end
iomap: don't mark the inode dirty in iomap_write_end
Merge tag 'for_v5.3-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jack/linux-fs
Pull ext2, udf and quota updates from Jan Kara:
- some ext2 fixes and cleanups
- a fix of udf bug when extending files
- a fix of quota Q_XGETQSTAT[V] handling
* tag 'for_v5.3-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jack/linux-fs:
udf: Fix incorrect final NOT_ALLOCATED (hole) extent length
ext2: Use kmemdup rather than duplicating its implementation
quota: honor quota type in Q_XGETQSTAT[V] calls
ext2: Always brelse bh on failure in ext2_iget()
ext2: add missing brelse() in ext2_iget()
ext2: Fix a typo in ext2_getattr argument
ext2: fix a typo in comment
ext2: add missing brelse() in ext2_new_inode()
ext2: optimize ext2_xattr_get()
ext2: introduce new helper for xattr entry comparison
ext2: merge xattr next entry check to ext2_xattr_entry_valid()
ext2: code cleanup for ext2_preread_inode()
ext2: code cleanup by using test_opt() and clear_opt()
doc: ext2: update description of quota options for ext2
ext2: Strengthen xattr block checks
ext2: Merge loops in ext2_xattr_set()
ext2: introduce helper for xattr entry validation
ext2: introduce helper for xattr header validation
quota: add dqi_dirty_list description to comment of Dquot List Management
Merge tag 'fsnotify_for_v5.3-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jack/linux-fs
Pull fsnotify updates from Jan Kara:
"This contains cleanups of the fsnotify name removal hook and also a
patch to disable fanotify permission events for 'proc' filesystem"
* tag 'fsnotify_for_v5.3-rc1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jack/linux-fs:
fsnotify: get rid of fsnotify_nameremove()
fsnotify: move fsnotify_nameremove() hook out of d_delete()
configfs: call fsnotify_rmdir() hook
debugfs: call fsnotify_{unlink,rmdir}() hooks
debugfs: simplify __debugfs_remove_file()
devpts: call fsnotify_unlink() hook
tracefs: call fsnotify_{unlink,rmdir}() hooks
rpc_pipefs: call fsnotify_{unlink,rmdir}() hooks
btrfs: call fsnotify_rmdir() hook
fsnotify: add empty fsnotify_{unlink,rmdir}() hooks
fanotify: Disallow permission events for proc filesystem
Merge tag 'locks-v5.3-1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jlayton/linux
Pull file locking updates from Jeff Layton:
"Just a couple of small lease-related patches this cycle.
One from Ira to add a new tracepoint that fires during lease conflict
checks, and another patch from Amir to reduce false positives when
checking for lease conflicts"
* tag 'locks-v5.3-1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jlayton/linux:
locks: eliminate false positive conflicts for write lease
locks: Add trace_leases_conflict
7a1ade847596 ("keys: Provide KEYCTL_GRANT_PERMISSION") 2e12256b9a76 ("keys: Replace uid/gid/perm permissions checking with an ACL")
that the merge brought in).
It turns out that it breaks booting with an encrypted volume, and Eric
biggers reports that it also breaks the fscrypt tests [1] and loading of
in-kernel X.509 certificates [2].
The root cause of all the breakage is likely the same, but David Howells
is off email so rather than try to work it out it's getting reverted in
order to not impact the rest of the merge window.
Thomas Gleixner [Wed, 10 Jul 2019 19:42:46 +0000 (21:42 +0200)]
x86/asm: Move native_write_cr0/4() out of line
The pinning of sensitive CR0 and CR4 bits caused a boot crash when loading
the kvm_intel module on a kernel compiled with CONFIG_PARAVIRT=n.
The reason is that the static key which controls the pinning is marked RO
after init. The kvm_intel module contains a CR4 write which requires to
update the static key entry list. That obviously does not work when the key
is in a RO section.
With CONFIG_PARAVIRT enabled this does not happen because the CR4 write
uses the paravirt indirection and the actual write function is built in.
As the key is intended to be immutable after init, move
native_write_cr0/4() out of line.
While at it consolidate the update of the cr4 shadow variable and store the
value right away when the pinning is initialized on a booting CPU. No point
in reading it back 20 instructions later. This allows to confine the static
key and the pinning variable to cpu/common and allows to mark them static.
udf: Fix incorrect final NOT_ALLOCATED (hole) extent length
In some cases, using the 'truncate' command to extend a UDF file results
in a mismatch between the length of the file's extents (specifically, due
to incorrect length of the final NOT_ALLOCATED extent) and the information
(file) length. The discrepancy can prevent other operating systems
(i.e., Windows 10) from opening the file.
Two particular errors have been observed when extending a file:
1. The final extent is larger than it should be, having been rounded up
to a multiple of the block size.
B. The final extent is not shorter than it should be, due to not having
been updated when the file's information length was increased.
[JK: simplified udf_do_extend_final_block(), fixed up some types]
net/mlx5e: Return in default case statement in tx_post_resync_params
clang warns:
drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx5/core/en_accel/ktls_tx.c:251:2:
warning: variable 'rec_seq_sz' is used uninitialized whenever switch
default is taken [-Wsometimes-uninitialized]
default:
^~~~~~~
drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx5/core/en_accel/ktls_tx.c:255:46: note:
uninitialized use occurs here
skip_static_post = !memcmp(rec_seq, &rn_be, rec_seq_sz);
^~~~~~~~~~
drivers/net/ethernet/mellanox/mlx5/core/en_accel/ktls_tx.c:239:16: note:
initialize the variable 'rec_seq_sz' to silence this warning
u16 rec_seq_sz;
^
= 0
1 warning generated.
This case statement was clearly designed to be one that should not be
hit during runtime because of the WARN_ON statement so just return early
to prevent copying uninitialized memory up into rn_be.
Fixes: d2ead1f360e8 ("net/mlx5e: Add kTLS TX HW offload support") Link: https://github.com/ClangBuiltLinux/linux/issues/590 Signed-off-by: Nathan Chancellor <natechancellor@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
fs/nfsd/nfs4state.c:1908:6: warning: symbol 'drop_client' was not declared. Should it be static?
fs/nfsd/nfs4state.c:2518:6: warning: symbol 'force_expire_client' was not declared. Should it be static?
Reported-by: Hulk Robot <hulkci@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: YueHaibing <yuehaibing@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: J. Bruce Fields <bfields@redhat.com>
Vivien Didelot [Tue, 9 Jul 2019 03:31:13 +0000 (23:31 -0400)]
net: dsa: add support for BRIDGE_MROUTER attribute
This patch adds support for enabling or disabling the flooding of
unknown multicast traffic on the CPU ports, depending on the value
of the switchdev SWITCHDEV_ATTR_ID_BRIDGE_MROUTER attribute.
The current behavior is kept unchanged but a user can now prevent
the CPU conduit to be flooded with a lot of unregistered traffic that
the network stack needs to filter in software with e.g.:
echo 0 > /sys/class/net/br0/multicast_router
Signed-off-by: Vivien Didelot <vivien.didelot@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
David Ahern [Tue, 9 Jul 2019 21:45:17 +0000 (14:45 -0700)]
pkt_sched: Include const.h
Commit 9903c8dc7342 changed TC_ETF defines to use _BITUL instead of BIT
but did not add the dependecy on linux/const.h. As a consequence,
importing the uapi headers into iproute2 causes builds to fail. Add
the dependency.
Fixes: 9903c8dc7342 ("etf: Don't use BIT() in UAPI headers.") Cc: Vedang Patel <vedang.patel@intel.com> Signed-off-by: David Ahern <dsahern@gmail.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
net: netsec: remove static declaration for netsec_set_tx_de()
On commit ba2b232108d3 ("net: netsec: add XDP support") a static
declaration for netsec_set_tx_de() was added to make the diff easier
to read. Now that the patch is merged let's move the functions around
and get rid of that
Signed-off-by: Ilias Apalodimas <ilias.apalodimas@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
While freeing tx buffers the memory has to be unmapped if the packet was
an skb or was used for .ndo_xdp_xmit using the same arguments. Get rid
of the unneeded extra 'else if' statement
Signed-off-by: Ilias Apalodimas <ilias.apalodimas@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This patchset adds support for Netfilter hardware offloads.
This patchset reuses the existing block infrastructure, the
netdev_ops->ndo_setup_tc() interface, TC_SETUP_CLSFLOWER classifier and
the flow rule API.
Patch #1 adds flow_block_cb_setup_simple(), most drivers do the same thing
to set up flow blocks, to reduce the number of changes, consolidate
codebase. Use _simple() postfix as requested by Jakub Kicinski.
This new function resides in net/core/flow_offload.c
Patch #2 renames TC_BLOCK_{UN}BIND to FLOW_BLOCK_{UN}BIND.
Patch #3 renames TCF_BLOCK_BINDER_TYPE_* to FLOW_BLOCK_BINDER_TYPE_*.
Patch #4 adds flow_block_cb_alloc() and flow_block_cb_free() helper
functions, this is the first patch of the flow block API.
Patch #5 adds the helper to deal with list operations in the flow block API.
This includes flow_block_cb_lookup(), flow_block_cb_add() and
flow_block_cb_remove().
Patch #6 adds flow_block_cb_priv(), flow_block_cb_incref() and
flow_block_cb_decref() which completes the flow block API.
Patch #7 updates the cls_api to use the flow block API from the new
tcf_block_setup(). This infrastructure transports these objects
via list (through the tc_block_offload object) back to the core
for registration.
CLS_API DRIVER
TC_SETUP_BLOCK ----------> setup flow_block_cb object &
it adds object to flow_block_offload->cb_list
|
CLS_API <-----------------------'
registers list with flow blocks
flow_block_cb & travels back to
calls ->reoffload the core for registration
drivers allocate and sets up (configure the blocks), then
registration happens from the core (cls_api and netfilter).
Patch #8 updates drivers to use the flow block API.
Patch #9 removes the tcf block callback API, which is replaced by the
flow block API.
Patch #10 adds the flow_block_cb_is_busy() helper to check if the block
is already used by a subsystem. This helper is invoked from
drivers. Once drivers are updated to support for multiple
subsystems, they can remove this check.
Patch #11 rename tc structure and definitions for the block bind/unbind
path.
Patch #12 introduces basic netfilter hardware offload infrastructure
for the ingress chain. This includes 5-tuple exact matching
and accept / drop rule actions. Only basechains are supported
at this stage, no .reoffload callback is implemented either.
Default policy to "accept" is only supported for now.
netfilter: nf_tables: add hardware offload support
This patch adds hardware offload support for nftables through the
existing netdev_ops->ndo_setup_tc() interface, the TC_SETUP_CLSFLOWER
classifier and the flow rule API. This hardware offload support is
available for the NFPROTO_NETDEV family and the ingress hook.
Each nftables expression has a new ->offload interface, that is used to
populate the flow rule object that is attached to the transaction
object.
There is a new per-table NFT_TABLE_F_HW flag, that is set on to offload
an entire table, including all of its chains.
This patch supports for basic metadata (layer 3 and 4 protocol numbers),
5-tuple payload matching and the accept/drop actions; this also includes
basechain hardware offload only.
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
net: flow_offload: add flow_block_cb_is_busy() and use it
This patch adds a function to check if flow block callback is already in
use. Call this new function from flow_block_cb_setup_simple() and from
drivers.
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This patch completes the flow block API to introduce:
* flow_block_cb_priv() to access callback private data.
* flow_block_cb_incref() to bump reference counter on this flow block.
* flow_block_cb_decref() to decrement the reference counter.
These functions are taken from the existing tcf_block_cb_priv(),
tcf_block_cb_incref() and tcf_block_cb_decref().
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This patch adds the list handling functions for the flow block API:
* flow_block_cb_lookup() allows drivers to look up for existing flow blocks.
* flow_block_cb_add() adds a flow block to the per driver list to be registered
by the core.
* flow_block_cb_remove() to remove a flow block from the list of existing
flow blocks per driver and to request the core to unregister this.
The flow block API also annotates the netns this flow block belongs to.
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Most drivers do the same thing to set up the flow block callbacks, this
patch adds a helper function to do this.
This preparation patch reduces the number of changes to adapt the
existing drivers to use the flow block callback API.
This new helper function takes a flow block list per-driver, which is
set to NULL until this driver list is used.
This patch also introduces the flow_block_command and
flow_block_binder_type enumerations, which are renamed to use
FLOW_BLOCK_* in follow up patches.
There are three definitions (aliases) in order to reduce the number of
updates in this patch, which go away once drivers are fully adapted to
use this flow block API.
Signed-off-by: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org> Reviewed-by: Jakub Kicinski <jakub.kicinski@netronome.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
====================
net: hisilicon: Add support for HI13X1 to hip04_eth
The main purpose of this patch series is to extend the
hip04_eth driver to support HI13X1_GMAC.
The offset and bitmap of some registers of HI13X1_GMAC
are different from hip04_eth common soc. In addition,
the definition of send descriptor and parsing descriptor
are different from hip04_eth common soc. So the macro
of the register offset is redefined to adapt the HI13X1_GMAC.
Clean up the sparse warning by the way.
Change since v1:
* Add a cover letter.
====================
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
net: hisilicon: Offset buf address to adapt HI13X1_GMAC
The buf unit size of HI13X1_GMAC is cache_line_size,
which is 64, so the address we write to the buf register
needs to be shifted right by 6 bits.
The 31st bit of the PPE_CFG_CPU_ADD_ADDR register
of HI13X1_GMAC indicates whether to release the buffer
of the message, and the low indicates that it is valid.
Signed-off-by: Jiangfeng Xiao <xiaojiangfeng@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
HI13X1_GMAC changed the offsets and bitmaps for
GE_TX_LOCAL_PAGE_REG registers in the same peripheral
device on different models of the hip04_eth. With the
default configuration, HI13X1_GMAC can also work without
any writes to the GE_TX_LOCAL_PAGE_REG register.
Signed-off-by: Jiangfeng Xiao <xiaojiangfeng@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
net: hisilicon: Cleanup for cast to restricted __be32
This patch fixes the following warning from sparse:
hip04_eth.c:533:23: warning: cast to restricted __be16
hip04_eth.c:533:23: warning: cast to restricted __be16
hip04_eth.c:533:23: warning: cast to restricted __be16
hip04_eth.c:533:23: warning: cast to restricted __be16
hip04_eth.c:534:23: warning: cast to restricted __be32
hip04_eth.c:534:23: warning: cast to restricted __be32
hip04_eth.c:534:23: warning: cast to restricted __be32
hip04_eth.c:534:23: warning: cast to restricted __be32
hip04_eth.c:534:23: warning: cast to restricted __be32
hip04_eth.c:534:23: warning: cast to restricted __be32
Signed-off-by: Jiangfeng Xiao <xiaojiangfeng@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
This patch fixes the following warning from sparse:
hip04_eth.c:468:25: warning: incorrect type in assignment
hip04_eth.c:468:25: expected unsigned int [usertype] send_addr
hip04_eth.c:468:25: got restricted __be32 [usertype]
hip04_eth.c:469:25: warning: incorrect type in assignment
hip04_eth.c:469:25: expected unsigned int [usertype] send_size
hip04_eth.c:469:25: got restricted __be32 [usertype]
hip04_eth.c:470:19: warning: incorrect type in assignment
hip04_eth.c:470:19: expected unsigned int [usertype] cfg
hip04_eth.c:470:19: got restricted __be32 [usertype]
hip04_eth.c:472:23: warning: incorrect type in assignment
hip04_eth.c:472:23: expected unsigned int [usertype] wb_addr
hip04_eth.c:472:23: got restricted __be32 [usertype]
Signed-off-by: Jiangfeng Xiao <xiaojiangfeng@huawei.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
David S. Miller [Tue, 9 Jul 2019 21:17:59 +0000 (14:17 -0700)]
Merge branch 'stmmac-hash-table'
Biao Huang says:
====================
stmmac: fix out-of-boundary issue and add taller hash table support
Fix mac address out-of-boundary issue in net-next tree.
and resend the patch which was discussed in
https://lore.kernel.org/patchwork/patch/1082117
but with no further progress.
====================
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
net: stmmac: add support for hash table size 128/256 in dwmac4
1. get hash table size in hw feature reigster, and add support
for taller hash table(128/256) in dwmac4.
2. only clear GMAC_PACKET_FILTER bits used in this function,
to avoid side effect to functions of other bits.
stmmac selftests output log with flow control on:
ethtool -t eth0
The test result is PASS
The test extra info:
1. MAC Loopback 0
2. PHY Loopback -95
3. MMC Counters 0
4. EEE -95
5. Hash Filter MC 0
6. Perfect Filter UC 0
7. MC Filter 0
8. UC Filter 0
9. Flow Control 0
Signed-off-by: Biao Huang <biao.huang@mediatek.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
====================
tc-testing: Add plugin for simple traffic generation
This series supersedes the previous submission that included a patch for test
case verification using JSON output. It adds a new tdc plugin, scapyPlugin, as
a way to send traffic to test tc filters and actions.
The first patch makes a change to the TdcPlugin module that will allow tdc
plugins to examine the test case currently being executed, so plugins can
play a more active role in testing by accepting information or commands from
the test case. This is required for scapyPlugin to work.
The second patch adds scapyPlugin itself, and an example test case file to
demonstrate how the scapy block works in the test cases.
====================
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Lucas Bates [Tue, 9 Jul 2019 01:34:27 +0000 (21:34 -0400)]
tc-testing: introduce scapyPlugin for basic traffic
The scapyPlugin allows for simple traffic generation in tdc to
test various tc features. It was tested with scapy v2.4.2, but
should work with any successive version.
In order to use the plugin's functionality, scapy must be
installed. This can be done with:
pip3 install scapy
or to install 2.4.2:
pip3 install scapy==2.4.2
If the plugin is unable to import the scapy module, it will
terminate the tdc run.
The plugin makes use of a new key in the test case data, 'scapy'.
This block contains three other elements: 'iface', 'count', and
'packet':
* iface is the name of the device on the host machine from which
the packet(s) will be sent. Values contained within tdc_config.py's
NAMES dict can be used here - this is useful if paired with
nsPlugin
* count is the number of copies of this packet to be sent
* packet is a string detailing the different layers of the packet
to be sent. If a property isn't explicitly set, scapy will set
default values for you.
Layers in the packet info are separated by slashes. For info about
common TCP and IP properties, see:
https://blogs.sans.org/pen-testing/files/2016/04/ScapyCheatSheet_v0.2.pdf
Caution is advised when running tests using the scapy functionality,
since the plugin blindly sends the packet as defined in the test case
data.
See creating-testcases/scapy-example.json for sample test cases;
the first test is intended to pass while the second is intended to
fail.
Signed-off-by: Lucas Bates <lucasb@mojatatu.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Lucas Bates [Tue, 9 Jul 2019 01:34:26 +0000 (21:34 -0400)]
tc-testing: Allow tdc plugins to see test case data
Instead of only passing the test case name and ID, pass the
entire current test case down to the plugins. This change
allows plugins to start accepting commands and directives
from the test cases themselves, for greater flexibility
in testing.
Signed-off-by: Lucas Bates <lucasb@mojatatu.com> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
Memory state around the buggy address: ffffffff84007c80: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 f1 f1 f1 ffffffff84007d00: f1 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 f2 f2 f2 f3 f3 f3
>ffffffff84007d80: f3 79 be 52 49 79 be 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 f1
It turns out that int3_selftest() is corrupting the stack. The problem is
that the KASAN-ified version of int3_magic() is much less trivial than the
C code appears. It clobbers several unexpected registers. So when the
selftest's INT3 is converted to an emulated call to int3_magic(), the
registers are clobbered and Bad Things happen when the function returns.
Fix this by converting int3_magic() to the trivial ASM function it should
be, avoiding all calling convention issues. Also add ASM_CALL_CONSTRAINT to
the INT3 ASM, since it contains a 'CALL'.
[peterz: cribbed changelog from josh]
Fixes: 7457c0da024b ("x86/alternatives: Add int3_emulate_call() selftest") Reported-by: kernel test robot <rong.a.chen@intel.com> Debugged-by: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com> Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org> Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Reviewed-by: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com> Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Cc: Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org> Link: https://lkml.kernel.org/r/20190709125744.GB3402@hirez.programming.kicks-ass.net
David S. Miller [Tue, 9 Jul 2019 20:03:04 +0000 (13:03 -0700)]
Merge branch 'Armada-8040-SoC-in-orion-mdio-hang'
Josua Mayer says:
====================
Fix hang of Armada 8040 SoC in orion-mdio
With a modular kernel as configured by Debian a hang was observed with
the Armada 8040 SoC in the Clearfog GT and Macchiatobin boards.
The 8040 SoC actually requires four clocks to be enabled for the mdio
interface to function. All 4 clocks are already specified in
armada-cp110.dtsi. It has however been missed that the orion-mdio driver
only supports enabling up to three clocks.
This patch-set allows the orion-mdio driver to handle four clocks and
adds a warning when more clocks are specified to prevent this particular
oversight in the future.
Changes since v1:
- fixed condition for priting the warning (Andrew Lunn)
- rephrased commit description for deferred probing (Andrew Lunn)
- fixed compiler warnings (kbuild test robot)
====================
Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
net: mvmdio: defer probe of orion-mdio if a clock is not ready
Defer probing of the orion-mdio interface when getting a clock returns
EPROBE_DEFER. This avoids locking up the Armada 8k SoC when mdio is used
before all clocks have been enabled.
Signed-off-by: Josua Mayer <josua@solid-run.com> Reviewed-by: Andrew Lunn <andrew@lunn.ch> Signed-off-by: David S. Miller <davem@davemloft.net>
projects / linux.git / log